Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Enzymes are members of which class of biomolecules?
|
Proteins
|
|
|
What is the function of enzymes?
|
Biochemical catalysts
|
|
|
All of the following phrases correctly describes enzymes except?
|
Behave as substrates
|
|
|
The tertiary structure of most enzymes is?
|
Globular
|
|
|
The non-protein portion required by some enzyes for proper functioning is called?
|
Cofactor
|
|
|
When a molecule similar to the correct sustrate interacts, but does not covalently bind with the active site of an enzyme, the process is called
|
Competitive inhibition
|
|
|
The substance being chemically transformed by an enzyme is called the ?
|
Substrate
|
|
|
Which is the correct term for an inactive form of the enzyme, often used for storage or transport of the enzyme to the site where its action is needed?
|
Zymogen
|
|
|
Overdosing on vitamin A and D is more likely than overdosing on vitamin c because?
|
Vit. A/D are fat soluble, andthus can accumulate in body fat, where vit. C is water soluble and the excess will be excreted in urine
|
|
|
All of the following vitamins are fat soluble except?
|
C (D A K E are)
|
|
|
A vitamin is?
|
A small organic molecule obtained from the diet and necessary for good health
|
|
|
Which term identifies the relatively small portion of the enzyme that is directly involved in the biochemical reaction being catalyzed?
|
Active site
|
|
|
Which aspect of enzyme structure is related to our dietary need for the trace minerals?
|
Cofactor
|
|
|
The name of an enzyme can often be recognized by the ending?
|
-ase
|
|
|
a type of enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of large molecules by reaction with water
|
hydrolase
|
|
|
a substance that prevents harmful reactions of free radicals
|
antioxidant
|
|
|
any process which decreases the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
|
inhibition
|
|
|
an inactive form of an enzyme, also called a proenzyme
|
zymogen
|
|
|
a small organic molecule necessary for good health that must be obtained in the diet
|
vitamin
|
|
|
a description of enzyme activity based on an exact match between the shapes of the active sites and the substrate molecule
|
lock n' key model
|
|
|
Which of the following sugars is produced in the most abundance by living organisms, and often converted into various polysaccharide forms?
|
Glucose
|
|
|
Cellulose is produced by____ and its major function is ___
|
Plants, structural component
|
|
|
Glucose can be classified as a(an)?
|
Aldohexose
|
|
|
any CHO with aldehyde groups which can be easily oxidized to produce a carboxylic acid
|
reducing sugar
|
|
|
a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by alpha01,4 linkages
|
amylose
|
|
|
a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
|
galactose
|
|
|
a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by BN-1,4 linkages and therefore not digestable by humans
|
cellulose
|
|
|
any CHO that yields two mono's upon hydrolysis
|
disaccharides
|
|
|
a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
|
sucrose
|
|
|
an aldopentose that is a component of nulceic acids
|
ribose
|
|
|
a very highly branched polysaccharide used by animals to store glucose units
|
glycogen
|
|
|
Chondroitin sulfate is produced by___and its function is___
|
animals, structural component
|
|
|
Heparin is produced by___and its major function is___
|
animals, structural component
|
|
|
Sucrose is not a reducing sugar, because its?
|
disaccharide bond cannot hydrolyze to an aldehyde in water
|
|
|
Glycogen is produced by___and its major function is___
|
animals, energy storage
|
|
|
Classify the molecule shown according to the location of its carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms
|
aldehyde at the end
ketone-2nd C 5 carbons =aldopentose |
|
|
Some sugars are able to react with the mild oxidizing solutions of copper such as Benedicts, due to
|
the presence of an Aldehyde group, usually on #1 carbon atom
|
|
|
The reaction in which a disaccharide is broken down into its component monsacchardie is?
|
hydrolysis
|
|
|
Starch is produced by___and its major function is___
|
plants, energy storage
|
|
|
Cow eat grass, and benefit from its nutrive value
|
Bacteria in gut, produce enzymes, hydrolyze cellulose
|
|
|
The disease identified as diabetes are primarily associated with a malfunction of the hormone ?
|
insulin
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a product of digestion?
|
pyruvate (breaks bonds)
|
|
|
Hormones which regulate glucose metabolism are___,___and___
|
insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
|
|
|
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions?
|
lactate
|
|
|
In the first step of glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate is known as
|
phophorylation
|
|
|
Gluconeogenasis occurs mainly in the
|
Liver
|
|
|
A blood sample is analyzed for glucose and found to contain 225mg/dl this level is considered?
|
hyperglycemic
|
|
|
A lack of insulin causes___a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is___than normal?
|
hyperglycemia, higher
|
|
|
Glycogen is most commonly found in___cells and____cells
|
Muscle, liver
|
|
|
The process of making glucose from nonCHO's is known as?
|
Gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
Which organ produces the hormones needed to control blood glucose levels?
|
Pancreas
|
|
|
All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except?
|
The same enzymes are used in the digestion of CHO, lipids, and proteins
|
|
|
The molecule which sits at the surface of RBC to identify those cells to the immune system as either self or foreign is a type of
|
Glycoprotein
|
|
|
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
|
type O
|
|
|
Glycolysis occurs mainly in the?
|
cytosol of all cells
|
|
|
The target molecules for a-amylase is(are)
|
Starch and Glycogen
|
|
|
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when sugar is metabolized by yeast cells, a process called fermentation?
|
Ethanol
|
|
|
Injection of too much insulin w/out eating sugary ot starchy may cause___a condition in which the concent' of blood sugar is ___than normal
|
hypoglcemia, lower
|
|
|
When a person is deprived of food, in which order does the body use the following sources to produce glucose?
|
conv. of glycogen to glucose
breakdown of AA, glucogenesis catabolism of lipids |
|
|
When energy is needed and adequate oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to?
|
Acetyl-SCoA
|
|
|
The hydrocarbon end of a soap molecule is
|
hydrophobic and attracted to grease
|
|
|
The compound that is the immediate precursor to the prostaglandins is
|
arachidonic acid
|
|
|
Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs act by inhibiting the conversion of
|
arachidonic acid to prostaglandins
|
|
|
The product of an esterification reaction between which of the following molecules would be a natural oil found in plants
|
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)COOH
HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH |
|
|
The function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in cell membranes is to
|
mediate interactions between the cell and outside agents such as antibodies and hormones
|
|
|
Protein structures which extend completely through the cell membrane generally function to
|
provide channels for active transport across the cell membrane
|
|
|
fats are generally___at room temperature and are obtained from___
|
solids, animals
|
|
|
Which molecule is a polyunsaturated fatty acid
|
even carbons
CH3CH2(CH=CH-CH2)3(CH2)6COOH |
|
|
Cholesterol is not water soluble and therefore requires what for transport in the circulatory system?
|
the lipoproteins HDL and LDL
|
|
|
Oils are genrally___at room temperature and are obtained from___
|
liquids, plants
|
|
|
Steroids are
|
based on a tetracyclic ring system with substituents at various positions
|
|
|
Biomolecules can be classified as lipids on the basis of
|
the physical property of solubility in nonpolar organic solvents
|
|
|
Phospholipids differ from fats and oils by having
|
one of the fatty acid ester linkages replaced by a phosphate ester linkage
|
|
|
Which molecule is a fatty acid likely to be found in plants and animals?
|
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
|
|
|
Which reaction can be used to convert oils into fats?
|
hydrogenation
|
|
|
The basic structure of cell membranes consist of
|
phospholipid bilayers studded with proteins
|
|
|
Various types of prostaglandins can act to control all of the following except
|
glycogenesis by the liver (insulin)
pain, stomach acid, B/P, childbirth (all yes) |
|
|
Most naturally occuring monounsaturated fatty acids can be classified as which conformation by the following?
|
cis
|
|
|
The type of lipid that is predominant in cell membranes is?
|
phospholipids
|
|
|
How soap removes grease from fabric
|
hydrophobic inside
hydrophilic outside grease in the middle |
|
|
Antibodies are members of which class of biomolecules?
|
proteins
|
|
|
When the hydrophobic and polar interactions holding a protein in a specific conformation are disrupted the protein is said to be
|
denatured
|
|
|
All of the following are major functions of proteins except
|
production of the water soluble B vitamins
|
|
|
refers to R group that do not interact readily w/water because they are non-polar
|
hydrophobic
|
|
|
refers to R group which forms H bonds w/water because of their polarity
|
hydrophilic
|
|
|
A protein that is usually water soluble having a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior overall rounded shape
|
globular protein
|
|
|
A carbon atom bonded to four different groups and therefore able to form enantiomers
|
chiral carbon
|
|
|
A protein that produces only amino acids upon hydrolysis
|
simple protein
|
|
|
A protein that is usally insoluble in water is very tough and has a long shape
|
fibrous protein
|
|
|
A process or reaction which releases heat to the surroundings is said to be
|
exothermic
|
|
|
How would the following factors change the rate of a chemical reaction?
|
-Inc. temp
-Remove products formed -Add a catalyst = increase |
|
|
The phrase Like dissolves Like means that a solvent and solute w/similar functional groups will generally form solutions
|
true
|
|
|
All organic chemicals must contain what element?
|
Carbon
|
|
|
How much NaCl is needed to make 50.0mL of a 16% (w/v) solution
|
8.0g
|
|
|
The passage of salts and small organic molecules across a semipermeable membrane because of concen' differences is called
|
dialysis
|
|
|
RBC are placed in a solution and neither hemolysis nor crenation occurs the solution is
|
isotonic
|
|
|
When acids and amines react the product is a
|
ammonium salt
|
|
|
If the pH of a water sample is 4. The sample is
|
acidic
|
|
|
The functional group illustrated by R-OH is an
|
alcohol
|
|
|
All the elements found in an Amino acid
|
C,H,O,N
|
|
|
Which organic compound does not contain any multiple bonds
|
cyclohexane
|
|
|
The functional group illustrated below is an
|
O
R-C-NH2 = an Amide |
|
|
Two or more compounds w/the same molecular formula but w/the atoms connected differently referred to as
|
isomers
|
|
|
The carbon skeleton, how many H atoms in total bonded to the hydrocarbon molecule
|
C C
C-C-C-C-C = 16 |
|
|
When ethyl alcohol undergoes complete combustion or complete metabolism, the product is
|
CO2 and H2O
|
|
|
When an alkene undergoes catalytic hydrogenation the product of saturating the double bond by additon of hydrogen is an
|
alkane
|
|
|
In organic chemistry the term unsaturated means a molecule
|
which contains one or more multiple bonds between carbon atoms
|
|
|
The starting material for polmerization reactions is an
|
monomer
|
|
|
The amino acid containing a benzene ring is called (an R group)
|
phenylalanine
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT the common name of an aromatic compound
|
acetone
|
|
|
Compounds w/the -OH group attached to an aromatic ring are known as
|
phenols
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most soluble in water
|
HO-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
|
|
|
Alkylamines are most similar in chemical structure and behave to
|
ammonia
|
|
|
When the N atom in an organic compound has 4 covalent single bonds it is positively charged and called
|
quarternary ammonium ion
|
|
|
Which compound is an example of an amine salt?
|
methylammonium chloride
|
|
|
The carbonyl group is
|
a functional group in which C and O are joined by a double bond
|
|
|
Which compound will give a positive test with Benedict's solution
|
glucose (an aldehyde)
|
|
|
Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group?
|
amine
|
|
|
When an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid, forming water as a by product, the major product is?
|
an ester
|
|
|
When an amine reacts w/a carboxylic acid at a high temperature, forming water as a by product, the major product is?
|
an amide
|
|
|
The reverse of the above 2 chemical reactions, adding water to the products to reform the original carboxylic acid and alcohol or amine is called
|
hydrolysis
|
|
|
An alpha amino acid has an -NH2 group attached to the molecule at which location?
|
the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group
|
|
|
Which of the following bonds is not present in a carboxylic acid functional group?
|
C=C
|
|
|
The solubility of compounds containing the carboxylic acid group can be increased by reaction in water w/what form of salt
|
a strong base such as sodium hydroxide
|
|
|
The products of hydrolysis of ethyl acetate are
|
ethyl alcohol + acetic acid
|
|
|
Reaction of animal fats w/NaOH is called
|
saponification
|
|
|
The first step in glucose metabolism is addition of phosphate to one of the -OH groups of glucose. The resulting compound is called
|
phosphate ester
|
|
|
Members of which family of organic molecules are the building blocks of protein?
|
Amino acids
|
|
|
An amino acid whose R group is predominantly hydrocarbon would be classified as
|
hydrophobic
|
|
|
When the amide (peptide) bonds of a protein are broken realeasing A.A. into a water solution, the protein is said to be
|
hydrolyzed
|
