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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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elongation beyond palmitate
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fas with >16C syn in ER, palmitate activated by CoA
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syn of unsat fas
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syn from sat counterparts by acyl CoA desaturase
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essential fas
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req for body fxn but have double bonds beyond C9, have to be obtained from diet
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other classes of lipids that can be syn
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triacylglycerols, phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, cholesterol, eicosanoids
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triacylglycerols
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esters of glycerol and 3 fas
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bio fxns of phosphoglycerides
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bio membranes, surfactants, and signaling agents
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ceramides
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present in NS, cerbrosides, gangliosides, sphingomyelin
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sphingolipid degradation
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occurs in lysosomes, several enzs, deficiencies cause mental retardation
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bio fxns of cholesterol
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bio membranes, precursor to steroid hormones and bile acids
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cholesterol
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animal fat syn from acetyl CoA
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cholesterol syn
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occurs in cytoplasm, syn of isoprenoid intermeds, condensation to squalene, cyclization of squalene
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hypercholesteremia
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high cholesterol, high cholesterol diet, hereditary
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atherosclerosis
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excess cholesterol (LDLs and WBCs) deposit on blood vessel walls, causing narrowing
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progestins
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steroid hormone, regulates pregnancy
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estrogens
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steroid hormone, female sex hormone
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androgens
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steroid hormone, male sex hormone
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glucocorticoids
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steroid hormone, anti-inflammatory
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mineracorticoids
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steroid hormone, regulate salt/H2O retention
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vitamin A
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biosyn from beta-carotene, retinal important for vision
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vitamin D
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also called cholecalciferol, syn in skin cells by action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol
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vitamin E
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called alpha-tocopherol, antioxidant, req for fertility
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vitamin K
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syn by intestinal flora, req for formation of blood clots
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eicosanoids
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sun from C20 poly unsat fa (prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotriene)
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PGE2
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sm muscle contraction, induces pain, heat, fever, bronchoconstriction
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PGF2
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uterine contraction
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PGI2
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inhibit platelet aggregation, vasodilation, embryo implantation
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TXA2
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stim platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction
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LTE4
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anaphylaxis, bronchial smooth muscle contraction
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cortisone
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inhibits eicosanoid production by inhibiting phospholipase A2
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NSAIDS
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inhibit COX ensymes
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aas that produce pyruvate
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ala, ser, gly, thr, cys
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aas that produce oxaloacetate
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asn, asp
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aas that produce alpha-ketoglutarate
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glu, gln, arg, his, pro
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phenylketonuria
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genetic disease results from deficiency in pheylalanin hydroxylase
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nitrogen
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essential element for life, exists in elemental, organic, inorganic forms in nature
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nitrogen fixation
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conversion of elemental N2 to NO3
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protein turnover
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constantly occuring to eliminate mutant or dysfunctional proteins; to regulate enz fxn, occurs in lysosomes/proteosomes
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proteosomes
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large multiprotein complexes, selective, checkpoint
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proteosomal degradation markers
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attaching to ubiquitin, proteins with segments rich in PEST, N-terminal residues
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KERFQ
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glutamine, arginine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, lysine
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destabilizing residues
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asp, arg, leu, lys, phe
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stabilizing residues
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ala, gly, met, ser, thr, val
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important amino/keto acid pairs
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glutamate/alpha-ketoglutarate; aspartate/oxaloacetate; alanine/pyruvate
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SGOT/SGPT
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useful markers of tissue damage, produced by liver, kidneys, heart
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excretion of ammonia
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released into circ, absorbed by liver and detox to urea, removed from circ by kidneys and excreted in urine
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urea cycle
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convert ammonia to urea which is excreted in urine, occurs in liver, 2 mitochondrial rxns, 3 cytoplasmic
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coenzymes in N2 metabolism
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pyridoxal phosphate, tetrahydrofolate, cobalamines
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b1
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thiamine, decarb
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B2
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riboflavin, biosyn of FAD
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B3
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nicotinic acid, biosyn of NAD
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B5
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pantothenic acid, biosyn of CoA
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B6
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pyridoxal, transam
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B7
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biotin, carboxylation
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B9
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folic acid, methyl grp carrier
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B12
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cobalamins, methyl grp carrier
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pyridoxial phosphate
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biosyn from B6, cofactor in all transamination rxns, in active site reacts with Lys residue forming Schiff base
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folate coenzymes
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carriers of one carbon fxnal grps, active only in red form, essential for DNA biosyn, analogues are antibac/anticancers
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Trimethoprim
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Bactrim, inactivates bac form
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Methotrexate
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active against human form of DHFR (cancer drug)
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cobalamine
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B12, cofactor in rxns that involve methyl grp tx, isomerization
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