Biochemistry

Front 1

Who proposed chemiosmotic theory?

Back 1

Peter Mitchell

Front 2

What is required for respiration?

Back 2

ADP must be present

Front 3

What is an example of uncoupler?>

Back 3

DNP -dinitrophenol

--oxidation rxn w/o conservation of energy -- o2 consumeed w/o ADP

Front 4

What are uncoupler?

Back 4

lipid soluble weak acids

Front 5

mitchell;s postulates for chemiosmotic theory?

Back 5

1. inner membrane impermeable to H
2. ETC generates H gradient
3. ATP synthase creates ATP by H gradient

Front 6

Protonmotive force --

Back 6

energy of the H concentration gradient --- both chemical and electrical -delta G/ nF

Front 7

Cofactors wiht ETC

Back 7

flavins (FAD and FMN) Fe-S heme like structures

Front 8

How does e- travel in ETC?

Back 8

direction of increasing reduction potentials

Front 9

strong reducing agent #
strong oxidizing agent #

Back 9

reducing agents negative -- NADH best reducing agent

oxidizing # Positive O2 best oxidizing agent

Front 10

Complex 1

Back 10

NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductasa
NADH transfers 2 e- as hydride ion to FMN and then to Q

Front 11

complex 2

Back 11

succinate -Q oxidioreductase
forms qh2

Front 12

Complex 3 - for each e- pair

Back 12

1. 2 cyto c reduced
2. 4H transfered
3. 1 Qh2 oxidized

Front 13

What is Fo sensitive to?

Back 13

oligomycin

Front 14

adenine nucleotide translocase--

phosphate transpoter -

Back 14

unidirectional exchange of atp for adp -antiport

symporter H and Po3

Front 15

2 shuttles for moving nadh into matrix

Back 15

1. glycerol P shuttle
2. malate aspartate shuttle

Front 16

What is made substrate for FA synthesis?

Back 16

Malonyl CoA

Front 17

Acetly CoA carboxylase-

Back 17

Acetyl CoA into Malonyl CoA

Front 18

What does the breakdown of 1 glucose yield?

Back 18

6 CO2, 4 ATP, 10NADH, 2 QH2

Front 19

What direction does e- travel through the ETC?

Back 19

increasing reduction potentials
NADH-strong red agent
O - strong ox agent

Front 20

Complex I-

Back 20

largest one - NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase -transfers 4e-

Front 21

Complex II-

Back 21

does not contribute to gradient succinate to ubiquinone - but still supplies e- to give to III

Front 22

Complex III

Back 22

Ubiquinol-cytochrome C -moves 4Hs across 4 from QH2 -- Q cycle - 2 QH2 are oxidized but I regenerated

Front 23

Complex IV

Back 23

Cytochrome c oxidase- final e- acceptor =O2 - catalyzes a 4e- reduction of O2 from e- from complex III - 2H+ across for 2e-

Front 24

F1 knob of ATP synthase

Back 24

contains the catalytic subunits - which makes the ATP - its a hexamer - 3 active sites

Front 25

F0 knob of ATP synthase

Back 25

the stalk- 3H/ATP synthesized - sensitive to oligomycin

Front 26

What are the 3 sites in the ATP synthase?

Back 26

Open, Loose and closed

Front 27

Where does FA synthesis mainly occur?

Back 27

Liver and fat cells

Front 28

How does FA synthesis occur?
Where does it occur?

Back 28

by addition of 2C repetitively to the end of a hydrocarbon while its attached to a ACP -- happens in cytoplasm

Front 29

What does citrate divide into?

Back 29

OAA and Acetyl CoA

Front 30

What are the steps for initiation of FA synthsis

Back 30

1. Send citrate outside cell
2. convert Acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA 3. hook them both to proteins 4. then connect them to form acetoacetyl ACP

Front 31

What needs to be done after initiation to get the molecule ready for elongation?

Back 31

2 NADPH need to be consumed for each 2C added, need to release a CO2

Front 32

How many ATPs are needed for synthesis of TG from fatty acids.

Back 32

2 ATP equivalents

Front 33

What is the building block for triacylglycerol synthesis?

Back 33

Glycerol 3 P

Front 34

What is the last double bond mammals can make in FA chains?

Back 34

cant make one after 9

Front 35

Where is cholesterol made?

Back 35

Liver or intestine

Front 36

HMG-CoA reductase-

Back 36

catalyzes the first committed step and is the key point for regulation

Front 37

What is the starting point of cholesterol?

Back 37

2 Acetyl CoA

Front 38

HMG-CoA reductase-

Back 38

HMG-CoA to Mevalonate

Front 39

What are the most common 2 bile salts

Back 39

taurocholate and glycocholate

Front 40

What helps lipase bind to the emulsified fats? what does lipase do?

Back 40

colipase -- convert fatty acids to acyl coA molecules

Front 41

What is the largest lipoprotein?

Back 41

a chylomicron - delivers triacylglyerols and cholesterol from intestine to tissues

Front 42

What is cholesterol mainly carried by?

Back 42

LDL

Front 43

What are the 3 stages for beta oxidation of fatty acids/

Back 43

1. Activation of fatty acid in cytosol
2. transport - into mito or peroxisomes through shuttle
3. degradation as 2C fragments as acetyl CoA in the matrix

Front 44

Carnitine shuttle system-

Back 44

way to move long fatty acyl CoA into the matrix -- changes Fatty acyl CoA into Acylcarnitine to leave cytoplasm and then forms back into fatty acyl coA in matrix

Front 45

Ketone bodies when catabolizes form what? where are they formed/

Back 45

acetoacetate and beta hydroxy butyrate mito of liver cells

Front 46

nitrogenase -

Back 46

converts N2 to 2NH3 uses a ton of energy 16 ATP to do 1 reaction

Front 47

PLP-

Back 47

takes the amino group and transfers it usually from glutamate to another molecule

Front 48

How are ubiquitins added to a protein?

Back 48

through a lysine residue

Front 49

p53-

Back 49

a tumor repressor protein normally regulated by mdm2

Front 50

What is the first step in aa break down?

Back 50

removal of alpha amino group

Front 51

glucogenic aa with examples
ketogenic-

Back 51

glucogenic - degraded to pyruvate or CAC intermediates --arginine
ketogenic - acetyl CoA acetoacetate and others in the formation of FA or ketone bodies - lysine

Front 52

PKU -

Back 52

defect in tyrosine formation from phenylalanine by PAH

Front 53

Maple Syrup -

Back 53

Cant break down all 3 branched chain amino acids - leucine, valine, and isoleucine

Front 54

Where is urea produced?

Back 54

liver