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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the sequence of the Amino Acid attachment site on tRNA?
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CCA
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What are the stop codons in prokaryotes?
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UGA, UAG, UAA
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What are the most abundant RNAs?
The longest? The shortest? |
Ribosomal RNAs--Rampant
mRNA--Massive tRNA--tiny |
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What does histone acetylation do?
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Relaxes DNA on histones creating euchromatin
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What does Diptheriae toxin do?
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ADP ribosylates EF2 inactivating eukaryotic translocation
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Which histone is the linker histone?
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H1
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Which are the purines?
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A, G
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Which are the pyrimidines?
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C, T
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What is the function of Vitamin K?
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Required for glutamate carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X protein C, protein S
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What is the function of vitamin D?
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required for intestinal absorption of Calcium and phosphate
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What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
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in children=Rickets, bending bones
in adults=osteomalacia, soft bones |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
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hemorrhage
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What drug blocks vitamin K action?
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Warfarin
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What is the function of vitamin E?
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Antioxidant, helps protect erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage
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What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
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hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, neurodysfunction
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What is the function of Vitamin A (retinol)?
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Antioxidant, constituent of visual pifments, essential for differentation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue
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What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?
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1st is nightblindness and dry skin
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What are the symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity?
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Arthralgias, fatigue, headaches, skin changes, sore throate, alopecia
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What are the symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity?
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Vitamin K antagonism--hemorrhage
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What are the sx of vitamin D toxicity?
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hypercalcemia, hypercalcuria, loss of appetite, stupor. Seen in sarcoid
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What is the name and function of B1?
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Thiamine, cofactor for Pyruvate DHG, aketoglutarate DHG, transketolase, branched cain AA DHG.
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What enzyme levels do you measure to assess for thiamine deficiency?
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Transketolase, characteristically levels will rise after thiamine infusion
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What are the symptoms of thiamine def?
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Wernicke-Korsakoff:confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia & memory loss confabulation and personality change (damage to mamillary bodies)
Dry Beri-beri: polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting Wet Beriberi: dilated cardiomyopathy, edema |
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What is the name and function of B2?
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Riboflavin (FAD/FADH2), cofactor in redox reactions
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What are the symptoms of Riboflavin deficiency?
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the 2 Cs: Corneal vascularization and cheilosis
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Which vitamin has been shown to have benefit when given to children with Measles?
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Vitamin A--some increase in CMI and many areas with endemic measles have a lot of A def.
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Which are the fat soluble vitamins?
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ADEK
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What is the name and function of Vitamin B3?
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Niacin
Constituent of NAD+ & NADP+ which are used in redox reactions |
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How is Niacin synthesized?
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From W, requires B6 (pyridoxine)
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What characterizes Vitamin B3 deficiency?
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Pellagra 4 Ds
Diarrhea Dermatitis Dementia Death |
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What vitamin should you supplement in patients undergoing prophylactic treatment for TB?
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Prophylactic treatment for TB is accomplished with Isoniazid (INH) and this can decrease vitamin B6
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What are the symptoms of vitamin B3 excess?
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Facial Flushing
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Diets based around which nutrient can lead to Pellagra?
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Corn, B3 in untreated corn is not accessible. So diets with mostly untreated corn as starch can cause pellagra.
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What is the name and function of vitamin B5?
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Pantothenate, essential component of CoA and fatty acid synthase
Panthothen-A is in Co-A |
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What are the sx of vitamin B5 deficiency?
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Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency
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What is the name and function of vitamin B6?
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Pyridoxine; converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a cofactor in transamination, decarboxylation rxns, glycogen phosphorylase, cystathionine synthesis, and heme synthesis. Required for niacin synthesis from W.
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What are the sx of vitamin B6 deficiency?
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convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemias
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What is the name and function of vitamin B12?
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Cobalamin;
cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase & methylnalonyl-CoA mutase |
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What are the sx of B12 def?
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macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia with hypersegmented PMNs, neurological sxs (due to abnl myelin)
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What are the causes of B12 def?
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Pernicious anemia, gastric bypass, malabsorption, crohn's disease
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What is the function of Folic Acid?
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as THF is a coenzyme for 1-C transfer/methylations
Imp for synthesis of nitrogenous bases DNA/RNA |
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What are the sx of Folic acid def?
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macrocytic megaloblastic anemia w/o neurological sxs
neural tube defects in fetus |
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What is the fnc of S-adenosyl-methionine?
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methyl transfers, converts methionine to homocysteine
required for conversion of NE to Epi |
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What is the function of Biotin?
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Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes
Pyruvate carboxylase acetyl-CoA carboxylase propionyl-CoA carboxylase |
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What is the name and function of vitamin C?
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Ascorbic acid
1. facilitates iron abs 2. necessary for -OH of P, K in collagen synth 3. dopamine--> NE |
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What are the sx of vitamin C deficiency and who gets it?
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Scurvy
swollen gums, bruising, anemia, poor wound healing old person on tea and toast |
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What is the function of Zinc?
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essential for activity of 100+ enzymes, Zn finger DNA binding motif
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What are the symptoms of Zn def?
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Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decrease in adult hair, dysgeusia, anosmia
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Name 2 uses for N-acetylcysteine
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mucolytic agent for CF--cleaves disulfide bonds
Reduce oxidative damage in acetominophen overdose |
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What is the enzyme responsible for the 1st committed step in glycolysis?
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Phosphofructokinase-1
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Where is hexokinase located? What is it's baseline activity?
Regulators? |
Peripheral Tissues: muscle!
Baseline activity is high inhibited by G-6-P |
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Where is glucokinase located? What is it's baseline activity?
Regulators? |
Liver and Pancreatic B cells
Low baseline activity only in fed state of high glucose not inhibited by G-6-P; inducible by insulin |
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What is the enzyme deficiency in Von Gierke's disease & what is the presentation?
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Glucose-6-Phosphatase def.
presents with severe fasting hypoglycemia, increased glycogen in liver--hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, stunted growth |
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What is the enzyme deficiency in McArdle's disease and what is the presentation?
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Muscle phosphorylase
mild, cramping and fatigue on exercise, myoglobinuria |
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What is the enzyme deficiency in Pompe's disease and what is the presentation?
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Lysosomal alpha-1,4 glucosidase
Glycogen accumulation in lysosomes, cardiomegaly, hypotonia, occasional hypoglycemia, early death |
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What is the enzyme deficiency in Cori's disease and what is the presentation?
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Debranching enzyme (alpha-1,6-glucosidase)
similar to Von Gierke's but milder w/o lactic acidosis |
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What is the enzyme deficiency in Fabry's disease and what accumulates?
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alpha-galactosidase A
Ceramide trihexoside |
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What is the enzyme deficiency in Gaucher's disease and what accumulates?
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beta-glucocerebrosidase
glucocerebrosidase |
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What is the presentation of Fabry's disease?
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Peripheral neuropathy of hands/feet, angiokeratomas
renal disease (most likely cause of death), cardiac disease |
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What is the presentation of Gaucher's disease?
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Hepatosplenomegaly
aseptic necrosis of femur, bone crises, macrophages that look like crumpled tissue paper |
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What is the enzyme deficiency in Niemann-Pick disease & what accumulates?
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Sphingomyelinase
sphingomyelin |
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What are the sxs of Niemann-Pick?
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Progressive neurodegeneration, hetaosplenomegaly, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells
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What is the enzyme deficiency in Tay Sachs & what accumulates?
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Hexosaminidase A
GM2 ganglioside |
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What are the sxs of Tay Sachs?
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progressive neurodegeneration, developmental delay, cherry red spot on macula but no hepatosplenomegaly, lysosomes with onion skin
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