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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbohydrate
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compostion - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
signifigance? quick and available energy |
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Types of Carbohydrates:
Monosacchorides |
"simple sugars" (C6H12O6)
Glucose Galactose Fructose Ribose Dextrose Come from photo- or chemosynthesis signifigance? forms of sugar we can use |
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Why must Disacchorides and Polysacchorides be broken down?
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b/c only the monosacchorides can be absorbed and transported to cells
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Types of Carbohydrates:
Diasacchorides |
"double sugars" (C12H22O11)
Maltose - germanating grains (ex. barley) Lactose - milk Sucrose - sugar (ex. cookies) formed by dehydration synthesis |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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make by removing H2O
ex.glucose + glucose maltose + water glucose + galactose lactose + H2O glucose + fructose sucrose + H2O |
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Polysacchorides
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"complex sugars"
structure? long chains of monosacchorides function? store energy (ex. roots) and structural units (ex. cellulose) ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin |
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Starch
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stored sugars in plants
humans can't make this sap in trees is starch ex. corn, potatoes, rice |
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Glycogen
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stored sugars in animals
found in muscles and liver tissue |
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Cellulose
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AKA bulk, roughage, fiber
we can't digest this b/c of no cellulose (neither can termites) cellulose fiber cleans intestines plant walls have cellulose |
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Chitin
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anthropod's exoskeleton
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Hydrolysis
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"break down of substance using water"
ex. listerine strips, commmunion wafer **REVERSE OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS** |
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Simple Sugar Tests
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Benedict's soulution - blue, betrayer of monosacchorides only, shows up orange
Fehling's Soulution - clear and blue |
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Abundance of Water
on the planet in living cells |
75% on the planet
in all living cells ex. protoplasm, cytoplasm |
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Important Properties of Water
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phase dependant on temperature
solid=expands (most cpds contract) |
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Polarity of a Water Molecule
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oxygen end=negative
hydrogen end=positive *UNIVERSAL SOLVENT* ionically bonded cpds dissolve in water |
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Most Abundant Elements in Living Things
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen(78%)
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Organic Cpds
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contain carbon
(chemistry of carbon) |
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Inorganic Cpds
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**no carbon present in inorganic cpds**
exception-Carbon Dioxide ex. salt, water, rust, sand |
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Why is carbon so special?
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It can form covalent bonds w/ carbons or other ions
It can form long chains or rings |
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Polymerization
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many simple units connecting to make a larger unit
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Monomers
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simple unit connecting to other simple units ex. pearls & string
ex. monomers polymer amino acids protein simple sugars carbonydrates nucleotides neuclic acids |
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Macromolecules
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"large molecule"
lots of polymers thousands of monomers ex. DNA w/ it's repeating units |
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4 Categories of Organic Cpds
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Carbohydrate - quick energy (ex. pasta before game)
Proteins - building block of life (ex. hair, skin, hormones, enzymes) Lipids - stores energy; insulation (ex. kidney) Nucleic Acids - provide a blueprint for life (ex. personality) |
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Protein provides structural basis for: Antibodies
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body's natural defense proteins
inactivate foreign antigens(an indentifiable protein) **see diagram** |
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Protein provides structural basis for: Muscle Fibers
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contain contractile filaments called actin and myosin (cause muscles to contract)
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Protein provides structural basis for: Hormones
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"chromosome messengers in blood stream
(endocrine glands) insulin-from pancreus, reg. blood sugar adrenalin-fight of flight estrogen-female hormones androgen- |
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Benedict's Solution
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-blue
-betrays simple sugars -turns them orange |
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Fehling's Solution
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-clear and blue
-tests for simple sugars |
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Iodine
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-tests for starch
-amberbalck on starches |
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Composition of Proteins
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C, H, O, and N
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Amino Acids
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simple units of protein
(repeting monomers) 20 are known number can vary from 1-100s order is significant (sickle cell anemia is missing 1 amino acid) |
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Peptide Bonds
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function? holds amino acids together
Dipeptides-2 AA and one peptide bond Tripeptides-3 AA and two peptide bonds Polypeptides-4+ AA and 3+ peptide bonds |
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Function of Proteins
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Carrier molecules
AND Structural basis for hair, nails, etc. |
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Carrier Molecules
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explain how things enter and leave cells
-protein in membrane of these **see diagram** |
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Examples of Protein Body Coverings
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keratin--hair and nails
collagen--builds up tissue, found in tendons, cosmetic surgery |
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Protein provides structural basis for:
Chromosomes |
these contain genes and stain easily
polymer w/ monomers DNA-chromosome-genes-nucleotides-sugar, phosphate basis |
