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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vitamins are so called because...
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they are necessary for life (vita) and were all believed to have an AMINE group thus... VITAmin.
(Actually, Vitamin C has NO amino group) |
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Before use, all vitamins (with very few exceptions) are converted to _________.
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Coenzymes
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Historically two types of molecules were shown to be important in almost all reactions in the body... they are__________? and how are they told apart?
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Enzymes (proteins) and Vitamins (coenzymes/cofactors)
they are told apart because the enzymes are NOT heat stable they denature and vitamins ARE heat stable. |
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Vitamin B1
Name: Coenzyme: Chemistry: Required for: |
Thiamin (thiol & amine groups
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) Decarboxylation reactions Group transfer molecules (by adding transfer molecules to carboxyl of phosphate group) |
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Vitamin B1 or thiamin deficiency is common in ________ and causes __________ symptoms.
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Alcoholics.
Loss of apetite, constipation Mental depression, fatigue Wernecke-Korsakoff syndrome (confusion and weak eye movements) beri beri (CNS (dry) and Cardiovascular(wet)) |
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it is believed what percentage of the public suffers from vitamin B deficiencies?
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2/3
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Vitamin b2
Named? Converted to Coenzyme? Purpose? |
Riboflavin (necessary SOLUBLE growth factor)
2 different INSOLUBLE conenzymes FMN and FAD. Redox reactions these molecules become reduced. |
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Riboflavin is known to have what kind of bonding? What is a riboflavin deficiency called and what are symptoms?
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Very tight bonding to proteins.
Riboflavin deficiency and causes lesions and glossitis. |
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Vitamin B3
2 other Names: Converted to: Purpose: |
Niacin or Nicotinamide (pyrridine with COOH group)
2 SOLUBLE coenzymes NAD and NADP. Redox reactions- specifically Hydride transfers (H-). (however realize that FAD and FADN the coenzymes of riboflavin are INSOLUBLE whereas NAD and NADP the coenzymes of niacin are SOLUBLE). |
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Why isnt niacin technically a vitamin?
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Because vitamins are molecules that are absolutely essential and must come from the diet. Niacin however can be made in small amounts by the liver.
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Niacin deficiency is said to cause the three D's they are...
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Dementia
Dermititis Diarrhea |
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Vitamin B5
Named: Converted to: Function: Deficiency: |
Pantothenic Acid
Coenzyme A Acyl transfer (helps break down fats, proteins and carbs) Burning feet syndrome |
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In both vitamins and coenzymes where is it that the reactions usually take place on the molecules?
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They take place on the alpha carbon of a carbonyl or other EWG. Recall that carbonyl is highly electron withdrawing as are some other molecules namely N and S and thus make the adjacent carbon highly reactive.
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Vitamin B6
Vitamin B1 Name: Coenzyme: Chemistry: Required for: |
Pyridoxine
pyridoxal phosphate @ aldehyde group Amino transfer reactions (bacteria use it to change from L to D enantiomers) deficiency causes: Anemia (inability to make heme), Neurotransmitter imbalance, more imp. in pregnant women. |
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Vitamin H
Vitamin B1 Name: Coenzyme: Chemistry: Required for |
Biotin
Biocytin (lysine +biotin) Amino group Carboxyllation rxns (CO2 carrier) Deficiency found in Weightlifters and individuals on antibiotics. Eggwhites contain albidin which binds tightly to biotin and intestinal bacteria make biotin. |
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Lipoic Acid (Not a real vitamin its actually already a conenzyme and made in the body!)
Chemistry: Required for: |
@ carbonyl carbon.
involved in group transfer rxns Deficiency in individuals whose genetic synthesis does not work. |
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Vitamin B12
Name: Coenzyme: Chemistry: Required for |
Cobalamin
1 of the 3 below: cyanocobalamin (cheap suppl) methylcobalamin (in cells) 5 deoxy adrenylcobalamin (in cells) @ R group Free radical reactions Deficiency found in vegetarians and in those w/ pernicious anemia. could be caused by extrinsic factor (not enough in diet) or intrinsic (missing prtein that transports it OUT of the intestine. (liver stores B12 for about 6 months. |
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Vitamin C
Name: Conezyme: Chemistry: Required for: Deficiency: |
Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbate Acid ? Synthesis of tissue and production of collagen. Scurvy- No collagen in capillaries and therefore have bursting capillaries (red-faced). |
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Fat soluble vitamins
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A- vision, modifying proteins
D- controls Calcium levels E- Redox reagent (no toxicity K- clotting reactions |