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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the classifications for fatty acids?
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short chain- 1-4 carbons
medium chain- 5-12 carbons long chain- 13-22 carbons very long chain- 22+ carbons |
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What are the eight major saturated fatty acids and their functions?
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Butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, stearic all lower cholesterol
Lauric, myristic, palmitic raise cholesterol |
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What are the two major monounsaturated fatty acids and their functions?
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Oleic Acid: most common type in nature, it lowers serum cholesterol
Nervonic Acid: major brain fatty acid, helps form myelin |
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What are the two essential fatty acids?
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Linoleic-Omega 6
Alpha-Linoleic- Omega 3 *note: alpha-linoleic forms EPA and DHA which are essential for CNS development |
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What two enzymes are responsible for fatty acid movement?
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Hormone-sensitive lipase: found in adipose, gets fatty acids OUT
Lipoprotein lipase: found in adipose and in capillary beds of heart and skeletal muscle, gets fatty acids IN |
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What six tissues synthesize fatty acids?
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Liver, adipose, lactating mammary gland, muscle, brain, kidney
*note: fatty acid synthesis and oxidation don't happen at the same time |
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What inhibits and stimulates fatty acid synthesis?
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Inhibits:
AMP, glucagon/epinephrine, palmityl CoA, DHA and EPA Stimulates: Citrate, insulin |
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What is the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid synthesis?
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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
it acts in the cytoplasm |
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What are the four steps of fatty acid synthesis?
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1. Condensation of an activated acyl group with CH2 of malonyl CoA, releasing molonyl CoA's and free COO2's as CO2's
2. Reduction of ß-keto group to an alcohol (use NADPH) 3. Dehydration (elimination of H2O) to create double bond 4. Reduction of the double bond to create a fatty acyl group (uses NADPH) |
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How do we get acetyl-CoA for FA synthesis?
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Citrate-malate-pyruvate shuttle
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What are the four steps of ß-oxidation?
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1. oxidize- use FAD to get 2 ATP (uses acyl-CoA dehydrogenase)
2. hydrate- add H2O (uses enoyl-CoA hydrolase) 3. oxidize- use NAD to get 3 ATP (uses hydroxyacyl CoA dehydronase) 4. cleave- use CoA to cleave acetic acid as acetyl-CoA (uses 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase) |
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What is Carnitine and what is needed for its synthesis?
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Carnitine is used to burn long chain fatty acids in the mitochondria.
It is synthesized only in the kidney and liver from lysine You need Vit. C and B6, iron and niacin to make it. |
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What are two treatments for high blood glucose?
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Insulin. If that doesn't work, try an oral hypoglycimic
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