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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is Replication read and written?
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Read- 3-5, Write 5-3
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How is transcription read and written?
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Read DNA 3-5, Write RNA 5-3
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How is Translation read and written?
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Read RNA 5-3; Write proteins Amine-Carboxyl
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Where in the cell is RNA made?
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In the nucleus
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What is messenger RNA used for?
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coding for protein synthesis
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Which RNA is the most diverse?
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mRNA
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How many codons are there in prot synthesis?
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64, and 64 anticodons
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What is tRNA used for?
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Used to transfer an amino acid onto the emerging polypeptide during translation
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Which is the shortest RNA?
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tRNA
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Which RNA is most abundant?
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rRNA
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What does rRNA do?
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Major component of ribosomes; it holds the ribosomal proteins in correct orientation during protein synthesis
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To make RNA what do we need?>
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dsDNA, Activated precursors(ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP), RNA pol, And a signal. NO PRIMER IS REQUIRED
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Does RNA pol have exonuclease?
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NO, no proofreading or correcting. RNA lifespans are short
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What is a silent mutation?
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A changed codon still codes for the same protein.
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What is a missense mutation?
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Changed codon codes for a different AA, may or may not alter prot function
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What is a nonsense Mutation?
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Changed codon turns into a stop codon
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In a codon, which AA's are most critical?
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1st and 2nd. They make up the most changes
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What are the STOP codons?
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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What type of RNA pol do prokaryotes have?
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Only one that make all RNA's. 2 alpha, 2 Beta, and 1 Gamma subunit
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What is the core enzyme of RNA pol in prokaryotes?
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Only the 2 alpha, 2 beta subunits of RNA pol, NOT the Gamma subunit
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What RNA pol's do eukaryotes have?
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3; RNA pol I, II, and III
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What are the char's of RNA pol I?
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Located in nucleolus, make long RNA precurosors to rRNA which parts must be clipped out using RNAase III
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WHat are the Char's of RNA pol II?
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Mostly used to produce RNA precursor of mRNA, called hnRNA, also makes snRNA and some viruses to make viral RNA
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What are the Char's of RNA pol III?
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to make small RNA's including tRNA, to get final product must clip out parts using Ribonuclease P+D
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What are ribonuclease P+D used for?
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By RNA pol III to clip out parts of precursor to tRNA
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What is Alpha-Amanatin?
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Toxin in mushrooms, binds RNA pol II which blocks mRNA synthesis and you die!
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What are the 3 stages of Transcription?
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Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
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How is Transcription begun?
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RNA pol looslely binds dsDNA and slides till it hits an active PROMOTER site.
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What part of RNA pol recognizes the promoter?
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The Gamma subunit, it causes the RNA pol to bind its core enzyme tightly and the gamma subunit falls off
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What is a gamma subunit of RNA pol a high affinity for a promoter site?
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Strong promoter, and will be transcribed often
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What is the holoenzyme?
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Both beta, alpha and the gamma subunits together of RNA pol
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What is being polycistronic?
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Promoter site can code for multiple genes in prokaryotes
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What is an Operon?
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Gene+controlling DNA- Prokaryotes have polycistronic operons
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What do transcription factors do?
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bind the promoter site making it a stronger or weaker promoter
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What is the operator site?
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'tween the promoter and the gene; can bind a repressor protein to block transcription
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How are repressor proteins removes from an operator site?
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By binding with an inducer
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Where do repressor proteins come from?
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When the gene is transcribed, repressor protein is also transcribes to turn it off!
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What is a regulator site?
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DNA segments upstream or downstream where transcription factors can bind and can interact w/ the promoter site. Can be enhancers which make the promoter stronger
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What is the action of the antibiotic Rifamycin?
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for Tb, binds to beta subunit of RP which inhibits initiation
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What is the action of the antibiotic actinomyosinD?
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Binds dsDNA and prevents READING
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During Transcription, which strand gets read and transcribed?
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The ANTIsense strand, cause the RNA code would match up to the sense strand.
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What stabilizes the 2 strands during transcription?
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Sense= RNA pol, Antisense=Emerging RNA base pairing
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When does transcription terminate?
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End point is signalled by palindromic sequence, then an poly-A sequence
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What is the fxn of Rho proteins?
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RNA dependant ATPase which hydrolyze ATP and use the energy to tug RNA off the antisense strand
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What are the segments of hnRNA that must be removed called?
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Introns
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What protects the hnRNA from rapid digestion?
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A methylated G is immediately added to the 5' end, also important for initiating protein synthesis
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Why do we add a poly A tail to the hnRNA?
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protects against catabolism in the cytosol
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How does most splicing occur?
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ATP dependant via snRNP's held there by snRNA
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