Biochem Test Iii - Swezda

Front 1

Where does glycolysis take place?

Back 1

cytosol

Front 2

What is the carbon carrier that takes carbon from the cytosol into the mitochondria?

Back 2

pyruvate

Front 3

Pyruvate makes ______ whenever you need energy but don't have enough oxygen.

Back 3

lactate

Front 4

In the the mitochondria, fat and pyruvate become ______.

Back 4

acetyl CoA

Front 5

How do we get energy during glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation (beta-oxidation), and metabolism of amino acids?

Back 5

extraction of electrons through oxidation

Front 6

Electrons get converted to ______ and ______.

Back 6

NADH, FADH2

Front 7

NADH and FADH2 get fed into the electron transport chain which takes them from ______ energy to ______ energy.

Back 7

high, low

Front 8

Oxygen is the final ______ and is very ______.

Back 8

electron acceptor, stable

Front 9

We breathe because we need ______ as an electron acceptor.

Back 9

oxygen

Front 10

______ uses a proton gradient to make ATP.

Back 10

ATP synthase

Front 11

What is the cofactor that pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme uses to carry out a reaction to take away C-C bonds to CO2?

Back 11

TPP

Front 12

The Krebs Cycle is where we oxidize ______ to __ CO2 to make __ NADH, __ FADH2, and __ GTP.

Back 12

acetyl CoA, 2, 3, 1, 1

Front 13

Three thermodynamically ______ reactions in the Krebs Cycle are ______, ______, and ______.

Back 13

favorable, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 14

What is the carbon carrier between glycolysis and the mitochondria?

Back 14

pyruvate

Front 15

pyruvate --> ______ --> acetyl CoA

Back 15

pyruvate dehydrogenase w/lipoic acid and TPP

Front 16

______ forms C-C bonds from CO2, whereas ______ breaks C-C bonds.

Back 16

biotin, TPP

Front 17

What is consumed in each turn of the Krebs Cycle?

Back 17

acetyl CoA

Front 18

______ is the replenishment of the Krebs Cycle.

Back 18

anaplerosis

Front 19

______ uses biotin and is used frequently to replenish Krebs Cycle intermediates.

Back 19

pyruvate carboxylase

Front 20

Complex 1 --> ______ --> Complex 3 --> ______ --> Complex 4

Back 20

ubiquinone, cytochrome C

Front 21

Complex 2 --> ubiquinone --> Complex __ --> cytochrome C --> Complex __

Back 21

3, 4

Front 22

Complex 3 ______ cytochrome C which in turn reduces ______.

Back 22

reduces, complex 4

Front 23

ATP synthase: __ exposed to matrix and makes ATP, __ uses proton motive force to turn.

Back 23

F1, F0

Front 24

We regulate at thermodynamically ______ steps and ______ steps.

Back 24

favorable, committed

Front 25

Citrate synthase

Back 25

1st committed step

Front 26

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Back 26

takes off 1st CO2, makes NADH

Front 27

Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

Back 27

takes off 2nd CO2, makes NADH

Front 28

When ATP levels are ______, Krebs Cycle levels are low.

Back 28

high

Front 29

NADH ______ the Krebs Cycle.

Back 29

inhibits

Front 30

The Kreb's Cycle takes place in the ______.

Back 30

matrix; some membranes are associated with intermitochondrial membrane (complex 2 [ETC] is also succinate dehydrogenase [Kreb's])

Front 31

______ reactions replenish the Krebs Cycle intermediates.

Back 31

anaplerotic

Front 32

NADH and FADH2 are what we produce in the Krebs Cycle. NADH is taken to complex __. FADH2 is taken to complex __. ______ is reduced by complex 1 and 2.

Back 32

1, 2, ubiquinone

Front 33

______ and ______ are the two mobile carriers.

Back 33

ubiquinone, cytochrome C

Front 34

Oxygen consumption increases upon production of ATP because of the broken ______ gradient and oxygen is an ______ acceptor.

Back 34

proton, electron

Front 35

Breaking the proton gradient increases flux through ______.

Back 35

Krebs Cycle

Front 36

An uncoupler (uncouples electron transport from ATP synthesis) increases O2 consumption but instead of making ______, ______ is given off.

Back 36

ATP, heat

Front 37

FADH2 is taken directly to the ETC via ______.

Back 37

succinate dehydrogenase

Front 38

Biotin = ______

Back 38

carboxylation

Front 39

Thiamine (TPP) = C-C bond ______

Back 39

cleavage

Front 40

Intermitochondrial membrane is the place for the ______.

Back 40

ETC (electron transport chain)

Front 41

Complex 2 of the ETC is also part of the ______.

Back 41

Krebs Cycle

Front 42

NADH is oxidized by complex __ to NAD.

Back 42

1

Front 43

Complex __ is the only step where protons are not transferred.

Back 43

2

Front 44

Complex __ takes oxygen to water as the final step.

Back 44

4

Front 45

Reactions with high E (reductive potential) love to take electrons, so the highest E is the ______ step with oxygen.

Back 45

final

Front 46

Negative E means it likes to ______ its electrons.

Back 46

give up

Front 47

Antimycin A inhibits complex __, which means ubiquinone would be in a ______ state and complex 4 would be ______.

Back 47

3, reduced, oxidized

Front 48

reduced = has ______ of electrons

Back 48

a lot

Front 49

oxidized = electrons ______ off

Back 49

given

Front 50

______ inhibits at complex 1.

Back 50

rotenone

Front 51

______ inhibits complex 4.

Back 51

cyanide

Front 52

Uncoupling agents reduce ability to make ______ by carrying protons from the ______ to the ______, which lowers the membrane potential.

Back 52

ATP, intermembrane space, matrix

Front 53

If you add an uncoupler, what will happen to oxygen consumption and ATP production?

Back 53

ATP production stops, oxygen production will continue and possibly increase

Front 54

______ will increase production of ATP because it is a Krebs Cycle intermediate.

Back 54

succinate

Front 55

______ domain of ATP synthase is the active center where ATP is produced.

Back 55

F1

Front 56

Krebs Cycle, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and oxidative phosphorylation are all things you don't need when you have lots of ______.

Back 56

ATP

Front 57

Cytochrome C can get released into the cytosol and propagate ______.

Back 57

apoptosis

Front 58

We pump ______ from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

Back 58

protons