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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how are essential vs nonessential amino acids categorized?
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on the basis of nutritional requirement
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what are essential amino acids
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we must get them from our diet
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why would arginine sometiems be considered an essential amino acid?
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in children the urea cycle isn't active yet, they are in positive nitrogen balance
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what are the essential aromatic amino acids?
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Phe, Trp
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What are hte essential branched chain amino acids?
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Isoleucine, leucine, valine, threonine
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which essential amino acid has a hydroxyl side chain?
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threonine
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what is methionine made from?
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homocysteine, which is a beakdown product of methionine. can't make it from scratch.
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what are the 3-carbon amino acids that are non-essential?
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serine, cysteine, glycine
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what are the 4- carbon amin oacids we can make?
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Asp, Asn
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wha t are the 5 carbon amino acids that are non-essential?
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glutamine, glutamate
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what amino acid is cyclized glutamate?
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proline
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what may synthesis of non-essential amino acids require?
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nadph, atp
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where are 2 and 3 carbon amino acids derived from?
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3-phosphoglycerate
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what is the methyl group acceptor in amino acid synthesis?
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folate
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how is methionine regenerated?
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homocysteine
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what cofactor is needed to regenerate methionine?
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vitamin B12
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which reaction require B12?
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1. regeneration of methionine
2. methylmalonylCoA--> succinyl CoA |
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why is regeneration of methionine physiologically important?
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critical for red blood cell maturation. if there isn't enough succinyl CoA for heme synthesis, then pernicious anemia could occur
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what disease is associated with a deficiency of vit B12?
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permicious anemia
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how does homocysteine relate to cardiovascular disease?
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elevated serum homocysteine levels (>15 micromolar) is considered a risk factor for CVD
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which amino acids are synthesized by direct transamination?
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Alanine, Aspartate, and Glutamate
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what is the nitrogen donor in Asparginine synthesis?
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Gln
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what is the main repository for ammonia?
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Glutamine
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what are the four ways to make glutamate?
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1. transamination of aKG
2. Glutamate dehydrogenase + aKG 3. Glutaminase + Gln 4. Pro, Arg, His can convert to Glu |
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which amino acids can convert to glutamate?
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proline, arginine, histidine
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what is proline catabolized to?
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glutamate
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how is tyrosine made?
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by hydroxylation of phenylalanine
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what ist he enzyme in tyrosine synthesis?
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phenylalanine hydroxlase
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what enzyme is deficient in PKU?
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phenylalanine hydroxlase
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what cofactors does phenylalanine hydroxylase require in the synthesis of tyrosine?
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tetrahydrobiopterin and NADPH
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how is arginine made?
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as a by-product of the urea cycle
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what amino acid is not sufficient in infants?
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arginine
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what purpose does creatine serve?
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a way to hide high energy phosphate groups
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what is nitric oxide?
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a gaseous hormone and vasodilator (viagra)
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what is serotonin?
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a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor. comes out of platelets, clotting defense
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what enzymes are needed to add an OH in bioactive amine metabolism?
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hydroxylases and oxidases
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what cofactors are needed to add an OH in bioactive amine metabolism?
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tetrahydrobiopterin, ascorbate
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what enzyme is needed to remove a carboxyl group in bioactive amine metabolism?
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decarboxylase
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what cofactors are needed to remove a carboxyl in bioactive amine metabolism?
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Pyridoxine (PLP)
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what enzyme is used in the addition of a methyl group in bioactive amine metabolism?
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methyl transferase
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what cofactor is used in the addition of a methyl group in bioactive amine metabolism?
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tetrahydrofolate, SAM
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what are 2 examples of neurotransmitters hat are rapidly degraded or altered in the synaptic cleft enzymaticlly?
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acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase
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what is an example of a neurotransmitter that is endocytosed?
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serotonin
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what does potentiation mean?
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lengthening the effect of a hormone
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what amino acid is acetylcholine derived from?
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Serine
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what amino acid is acetylcholine derived from?
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serine
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how are the three methyl groups added to make acetylcholine?
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SAM
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whenever using SAM as a methyl group transfer unit, consider what as a part of the pathway?
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methionine
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what does botox block?
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acetylcholine secretion
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what does Cognex slow?
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acetylcholinesterase
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what does sarin block?
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acetylcholinesterase
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what does atropine block?
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acetylcholine receptor
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what amino acid is GABA derived from?
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Glutamate
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how does glutamate form GABA?
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decarboxylation with glutamate decarboxylase
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what is GABA?
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an inhibitory neurotransmitter
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what is the mechanism of action of GABA?
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increasing K permeability of post-synaptic neuron
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too much GABA is caused by what?
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valium, librium, alcohol
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too little GABA causes what?
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huntington's chorea, epilepsy
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what thyroid hormones come from tyrosine?
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T3 and T4
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what neurotransmitters/hormones come from tyrosine?
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DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
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what pigment compounds come from tyrosine?
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melanin
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the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine is facilitated by what enzyme?
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SAM
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what is the effect of too much or too little dopamine?
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too much causes schizophrenia, too little causes parkinson's disease
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how is serotonin derived from tryptophan?
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serotonin is hydroxylated then decarboxylated to form serotonin
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what ist he purpose of serotonin and where is it found?
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a potent vasoconstrictor found in brain, apltelets, and mast cells
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what is the precursor of nicotinate (niacin), the ring portion of NAD and NADP?
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tryptophan
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what is nicotinate (Niacin)?
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the ring portion of NAD and NADP
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What is meatonin made from?
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serotonin
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what is the purpose of melatonin?
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circchadian rhythms
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how do you potentiate the affects of serotonin?
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SSRI, slowing the breakdown of serotonin
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what is histamine derived from?
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histidine
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what enzyme converts histidine to histamine?
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decarboxylation
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what enzyme converts histidine to histamine?
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histidine decarboxylase
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what cells or organs secretes histamine?
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mast cells, lung, and gastric mucosa
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what ist he purpose of serotonin and where is it found?
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a potent vasoconstrictor found in brain, apltelets, and mast cells
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what is the precursor of nicotinate (niacin), the ring portion of NAD and NADP?
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tryptophan
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what is nicotinate (Niacin)?
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the ring portion of NAD and NADP
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What is meatonin made from?
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serotonin
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what is the purpose of melatonin?
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circchadian rhythms
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how do you potentiate the affects of serotonin?
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SSRI, slowing the breakdown of serotonin
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what is histamine derived from?
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histidine
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what enzyme converts histidine to histamine?
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decarboxylation
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what enzyme converts histidine to histamine?
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histidine decarboxylase
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what cells or organs secretes histamine?
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mast cells, lung, and gastric mucosa
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what is the function of histamine?
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a potent vasodilator
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what is tagamet?
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an H2 receptor antagonist similar in structure to histamine
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what is nitric oxide (NO) derived from?
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arginine
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what enzyme converts arginine to nitric oxide?
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nitric oxide synthase
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What amino acids is Glutathione (GSH) made from?
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Glu, Cys, and Gly
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What is glutathione (GSH)?
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a strong reducing agent
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what amino acids is creatine phosphate made from?
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arg, gly, and met
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how is methionine involved in the creation of creatine phosphate?
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methionine contributes methyl groups as SAM
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what is creatine phosphate?
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a nitrogenous waste product and gives a reserve for high energy phosphate storage. Hides ATP so you can still synthesize ATP
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what is creatine clearance?
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a measure of kidney function
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what is the relationship between creatine phosphate and ATP?
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can phosphorylate ADP to ATP
allows muscle and cardiac to store phosphate with increasing ATP levels |
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what is creatinine made from?
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creatine and creatine phosphate
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what does increased creatinine excretion indicate?
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kidney damage
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what are polyamines made from?
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ornithine
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what polyamines are made from ornithine?
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putrescine, spermidine, spermine
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what is african sleeping sickness caused by?
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a protozoa carried by the tsetse fly
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how do you treat african sleeping sickness?
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DFMO, a suicide inhibitor antibiotic that inhibits ornothine decarboxylase
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what is carnitine made from?
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trimethyllysine
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what is the function of carnitine?
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used as acyl group carrier
picks up acyl in cytoplasm, transfers to CoA in mitochondria |
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where does free carnitine return to?
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cytoplasm
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where is heme primarily synthesized?
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liver and bone marrow
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what enzyme is required in tratraphyrrole cyclization?
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urophorphyrinogen synthase I and urophorphyrinogen III cosynthase
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what disease is caused by deficiency in urophorphyrinogen synthase I?
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acute intermittent porphyria
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what disease is caused by deficiency in urophorphyrinogen III cosynthase?
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congenital erythropoietic
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what does urophorphyrinogen III cosynthase do?
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decarboxylates acetates to form methyls, the converts methylene bridges to metyenyls to make protoporphyrin IX
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what enzyme is needed to insert iron into heme?
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ferrochelatase
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what enzyme is defective in congenital erythropoietic porphyria?
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cosynthase
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what is the effect of congenital erythropoietic porphyria?
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large amounts of uroporphyrinogen I
premature destruction of rbc red urine, teeth have red fluroescence skin is sensitive to light vampires! |
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what enzyme is defective in actute intermittent porphyria?
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uroporphyrinogen synthase
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what effects does acute intermittent porphyria have?
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dark urine, liver defect, bout, irrational behavior, paralysis or severe pain, hypertension
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how does one get toxic porphyria?
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chemically induced
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where are rbc recycled and by what cells?
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liver and spleen by macrophages
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what is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
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120 days
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what molecule accumulates in the liver causing damage and a jaundice color?
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biliverdin
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what is heme degraded to?
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biliverdin, CO, and free iron
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what in heme degradation is carried by albumin?
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bilirubin
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what heme degradation product is excreted into small intestines with bile?
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bilirubin diglucuronide
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what results in jaundice?
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liver damage or bocked bile ducts
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