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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 Major Control Points in Glycolysis? |
Step 1: Inhibited by G6P Step 3: Inhibited by ATP Step 4: Inhibited by ATP |
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When is NAD+ required in glycolysis? |
In the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (step6) |
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Examples of Monosaccarides |
alpha amylase, and glycogen phosphorylase |
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What does the breakdown of glycogen use? |
Inorganic Phosphate, not ATP (phosphorolysis reaction) |
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Glycogen Phosphorylase |
Enzyme that cleaves a glucose unit from glycogen |
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How can you get Glucose-6-phosphate without using ATP? |
G1P is converted to G6P by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase when breaking down glycogen |
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Can glycogen be simultaneously phosphorylated? |
Yes, due to the many branching points of glycogen, we can make G6P without the input of ATP quickly |
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How is Glycogen formed from Glucose? |
Synthesis of Glycogen requires the input of energy, using UTP |
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Glucose metabolism in the absence of O2? |
Anaerobic glycolysis (overworked muscles) and Anaerobic fermentation |
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How can lactate be reconverted back to pyruvate |
Gluconeogenesis |
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Why convert pyruvate to lactate? |
We need the NAD+. We need to recycle NADH back to NAD+ or glycolysis will shut down |
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What is Lactic Acid Fermentation |
It recycles NADH back to NAD+ for use in glycolysis, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase |
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What cofactor was pyruvate decarboxylase use in anaerobic fermentation? |
TPP |
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What does alcohol dehydrogenase use to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol? |
NADH |
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How to calculate delta G for all of glycolysis? |
Sum them up for each individual step |
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What generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors? |
Gluconeogenesis |
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Gluconeogenesis |
Reconverts pyruvate back to glucose |
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How many steps in glycolysis are irreversible? |
3 |
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How do you convert pyruvate to phosphophenol pyruvate (gluconeogenesis) |
1. convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate (using pyruvate carboxylase with ATP) 2. convert oxaloacetate to PEP (using phosphophenol carboxykinase with GTP) |
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In gluconeogenesis, how is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate converted to Fructose-6-phosphate |
Catalyzed by enzyme Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase |
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In gluconeogenesis, how is glucose-6-phosphate converted to glucose? |
Using glucose-6-phosphatase. Does not reform ATP |
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What is substrate cycling? |
Opposing reactions are catalyzed by different enzymes that can be independently regulated. |
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T/F substrate cycling helps control metabolism? |
True |
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What is the Cori Cycle? |
Cycling of glycolysis in muscles and gluconeogenesis in the liver. The lactate from glycolysis is shuttled to the liver to form glucose |
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What is the pentose phosphate pathway? |
Glucose-6-phosphate can be shuttled into the pentose phosphate pathway to produce NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate used for RNA and DNA |
