Biochem Test 4

Front 1

Calculate the energy yield from the TCA cycle.

Back 1

Total 12 ATP equivalents are synthesized by TCA cycle per mole of acetyl-CoA

Front 2

Flavoproteins in ETC

Back 2

integral membrane proteins, hydrogen carriers

Front 3

Ubiquione(coenzyme Q)

Back 3

mobile hydrogen carrier, has a hydrocarbon tail with 10 isoprene units.

Front 4

Heme and iron sulfur complexes

Back 4

non heme, functions in mitochondrial chain by changing oxidation state from ferrous to ferric, integral membrane proteins.

Front 5

Complex 1 (NADH-CoQ reductase

Back 5

oxidizes mitochondrial NADH and transfers electrons though FMN and FeS complexes to Ubiquinone.
Cofactor:FMN.
Electron acceptor: Ubiquinone.
Provides energy to pump four protons from the matrix in the reaction.

Front 6

Complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase)

Back 6

oxidizes succinate to fumarate,
reduces FADH to FADH2, carries
electrons

Front 7

Complex 3 (CoQ-cytochrome c reductase)

Back 7

oxidizes ubiquinone and reduces cytochrome c

Front 8

Complex 4 (cytochrome c oxidase)

Back 8

uses the H from complex 3 to make h2o, the multimer (cytochrome a and a3 and Cu) are electron carriers. 4 electrons are transferred from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space.

Front 9

Chylomicrons

Back 9

Plasma Lipoprotein
transfer triglycerides from intestine to lymph to blood

Front 10

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Back 10

Plasma Lipoprotein
synthesized by the liver and transport lipids to tissues

Front 11

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Back 11

Plasma Lipoprotein
bind to LDL receptors on cells and are engulfed into the cell, delivering cholesterol to the cell

Front 12

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL).

Back 12

Plasma Lipoprotein

Front 13

Gases(o2, co2, no), polar molecules, small and uncharged (ethanol), water (h2o), polar molecules, large and uncharged(glucose) CAN/CAN NOT pass through the membrane

Back 13

CAN

Front 14

. Ions (na,k, mg, ca, cl, hco3, hpo4) polar molecules, charged (amino acids, nucleotides, sugar phosphates) CAN/CAN NOT pass through the membrane

Back 14

CAN NOT

Front 15

Essential fatty acids

Back 15

have 2 or more double bonds (like linolenic and linolenic acids)
CAN NOT be synthesized, it must be supplied via diet. Essential fatty acids are important precursors to prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes.

Front 16

Nonessential fatty acids

Back 16

acids that can be synthesized from another reactant to produced the desired acid as a product (like arachidonic acid).

Front 17

Triolein

Back 17

Liquid at room temperature

Front 18

Tristearin

Back 18

Solid at room temperature

Front 19

Open Chain Lipid

Back 19

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids

Front 20

Closed Chain Lipid

Back 20

Steroids such as cholesterol, bile acids and hormones

Front 21

Triglycerides

Back 21

Storage form of fatty acid, not a membrane lipid
"neutral fats"
Stored in adipocytes
Form compact, anhydrous bodies within the cell due to their hydrophobicity
Are less oxidized than carbohydrates, so they have more reducing power and generate more energy

Front 22

Two Types of Phospholipids

Back 22

Phosphoglycerides-
Phospholipids that have a glycerol backbone with attached fatty acids, phosphate and a group, which is donated by an alcohol (such as choline)

Sphingomyelins-
Phospholipids that have a sphingosine backbone with attached fatty acids, phosphate and a group, which is donated by an alcohol

Front 23

What is the simplest form of phosphoglyceride?

Back 23

Phosphatidic acid

Front 24

What is the component of surfactant, a substance that allows mucus membranes to function properly

Back 24

Diphosphatidylglycerol

Front 25

______ is a membrane phospholipid

Back 25

Phosphatidylcholine

Front 26

Sphingomyelin

Back 26

both a sphingolipid and a phospholipid
component of cell membrane
provides insulation for electronic impulses
MS is assocaited with a decreased amount of this.

Front 27

Classes of Sphingolipids

Back 27

Cerebrosides- sphingolipid with monosaccharide as a head group
Sulfatides- sulfated cerebroside
Ganglioside- sphingolipids with an attached oligosaccharide

Front 28

Sphingolipids with covalently bound sugars are known as

Back 28

glycosphingolipids or glycolipids

Front 29

Steroids

Back 29

glycosphingolipids or glycolipids
ex. cholesterol

Front 30

Composition of Biomembranes

Back 30

Major membrane lipids(Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, Glycolipids, Cholesterol)
Proteins

Front 31

Major membrane lipids

Back 31

Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol

Front 32

Flipflop movement of lipids between outer and inner bilayer is rare and needs this enzyme

Back 32

Flippase

Front 33

Most membrane lipids and proteins easily move on the surface by ?

Back 33

Laterla Diffusion

Front 34

Atherosclerosis is a disease of what?

Back 34

hardening of the arteries. The “hardening” is caused by the deposition of plaques within the vessel

Front 35

Risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis include:

Back 35

Abnormally high levels of LDL-cholesterol
Abnormally low levels of HDL-cholesterol

Front 36

active in erythrocytes under fasting conditions

Back 36

GLUT-1

Front 37

active in pancreatic cells in response to intake of food resulting in increase in blood glucose concentration.
leads to insulin secretion

Back 37

GLUT-2

Front 38

active in brain and placenta

Back 38

GLUT-3

Front 39

uptake of glucose, stimulated by insulin in muscle tissues

Back 39

GLUT-4

Front 40

uptake of dietary fructose in intestine

Back 40

GLUT-5

Front 41

Acetyl CoA is the intermediate between ____ and ____.

Back 41

Glycolysis and the citric acid cyle

Front 42

Two major funcitons of the TCA cyle

Back 42

Biosynthesis and Energy production

Front 43

Pyruvate must be converted to _____ before entering the citric acid cycle

Back 43

acetyl-CoA

Front 44

Coenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase

Back 44

Pyruvate decarboxylase(E1): Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase(E2): lipoic acid, CoA-SH
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase(E3): FAD+, NAD

Front 45

In the regulation of the pyruvate hedyrogenase, what is the kinase inhibtor/activator?

Back 45

activiation:low concentration of ATP

inhibition:pyruvate, CoASH, NAD+

Front 46

Products of TCA cycle

Back 46

NADH 3
GTP 1
FADH2 1
CO2 2
Metabolic intermediates

Front 47

Anaplerotic

Back 47

"Filling up"
Anaplerotic reactions provide the TCA cycle with intermediates other than acetyl-CoA to maintain the activity of the cycle