Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How do aerobes generate energy?
|
-by using oxygen through:
-tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) -Electron transport chain -oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
What catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate entering the TCA cycle?
|
-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
|
|
|
Describe Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
|
-contains three different activities
-uses five different coenzymes -huge complex 4.6 million Da (24 polypeptides of 1, 24 of 2, and 12 of 3) |
|
|
What are the three different activities performed by Pyruvate Deyhydrogenase?
|
-pyruvate dexarboxylase OR pyruvate dehydrogenase
-dihydrolipoamide transacetylase -dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase |
|
|
Pyruvate Dexarboylase uses what?
And what does dihydrolipoamide transacetylase use? |
-thyamine pyrophosphate
-lipoic acid |
|
|
What do Flavoproteins use Flavin Coenzymes as?
|
-Electron Carriers
|
|
|
What does reaction 1 do in the TCA cycle?
|
-introduces 2 carbons
|
|
|
What is known as a suicide substrate?
|
-Fluoroacetate
|
|
|
What does reaction 2 do in the TCA cycle?
|
-isomerization of citrate
|
|
|
Citrate is symmetrical, but what treats is asymmetrically?
|
-aconitase
|
|
|
What happens in reaction 3 in the TCA cycle?
|
-Oxidation of Isocitrate
|
|
|
What happens in reaction 4 in the TCA cycle?
|
-oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate
|
|
|
What happens in reaction 5 in the TCA cycle?
|
-cleavage of Succinyl-CoA
|
|
|
What happens in reaction 6 in the TCA cycle?
|
-Oxidation of succinate
|
|
|
What happens in reaction 7 in the TCA cycle?
|
-hydration of fumarate
|
|
|
What occurs in reaction 8 of the TCA cycle?
|
-oxidation of malate
|
|
|
What are the highest energy yields developed from the TCA cycle?
|
-Isocitrate DH
-Ketoglutarate DH -Malate DH |
|
|
What is the lowest energy yielding reaction from the TCA cycle?
How about the middle energy yield? |
-Succinyl-CoA Synthase
-succinate DH |
|
|
What are the two problems with the TCA cycle?
|
1) How to get pyruvate into the mitochondria
2) How to get reducing power (NADH) into the mitochondria |
|
|
What are two other functions of the TCA cycle?
|
-most important energy generating process in the cell
-TCA intermediates are starting materials for other important molecules in the cell |
|
|
Why must the TCA cycle be tightly controlled?
|
-it is the link between Glycolysis and the Electron Transport Chain
|
|
|
How many sites are there for TCA control?
|
-3
|
|
|
What has the order from greatest free energy (-43.9) of TCA reactions to least (0.8)?
|
-Citrate synthase > Alpha Ketoglutarate DH > Isocitrate DH > Malate DH, Fumarase, Succinate DH, Succinyl CoA Synthase > Aconitase
|
|
|
Animals can not synthsize sugars from what?
|
-Aceyl-CoA
|
|
|
What can some bacteria use as their only carbon source?
What type of seeds can grow with only stored fats? |
-acetate
-oil seed plants |
|
|
What are some symptoms of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
|
-children with pyruvate DH deficiency have elevated serum lactate, pyruvate, and alanine
-neurological defects -treatment with dichloroacetate, inhibitor of Pyruvate DH kinase |
|
|
What are some symptoms of Fumarase Deficiency?
|
-rare
-urine contains elevated amounts of fumarate, succinate, ketoglutarate, and citrate -sufferers have severe neurological impairment and sydtionia developing soon after birth |
|
|
What are two diseases of the TCA cycle.
|
-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
-Fumarase Deficiency |
|
|
How can you make a table of Standard reduction potentials?
|
-by using the standard hydrogen electrode
|
|
|
What can the data from the half reactions be used for?
|
-analyzing energy changes in redox reaction
|
|
|
How do spontaneous reactions work?
|
-electrons from the more negative reduction potential half-reaction are donated to the half-reaction with the more positive reduction potential
|
