Biochem T3 - Hormones And Signal Transduction

Front 1

Process by which a signal on a cells surgace is converted into a specific ceullular response is a?

Back 1

Signal Transduction Pathway

Front 2

Breakdown of glycogen releases?

Back 2

Glucose

Front 3

During glycolysis, epinephrine activates the cytosolic enzyme?

Back 3

Glycogen Phosphorylase - epi does no activate directly but could only act on intact cells

Front 4

Binding of epinephrine to Glycogen Phosphorylase leads to an increase in?

Back 4

cAMP - activates adenyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP

Front 5

phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to?

Back 5

AMP - cAMP is shortlived

Front 6

Epinephrine is a hormone derived from which AA?

Back 6

Tyrosine

Front 7

Epinephrine serves as a neurotransmitter and hormone regulating fuel metabolism in? and ?

Back 7

Liver and Muscle

Front 8

Polypeptides that function through stimulation of cellular proliferation?

Back 8

Platelet-activationg Factor (PAF)(Growth Factor)

Front 9

any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enxymatically from fatty acids.

Back 9

Prostaglandins - not hormones, but Autocrines pr paracrines

Front 10

locally acting messenger molecules.
not produced at a discrete site but in many places throughout the human body.

Back 10

Prostiglandins - Autocrines and Paracrines. target cells are present in the immediate vicinity of the site of their excretion.

Front 11

Prostaglandins are found in most tissues and organs. They are produced by all nucleated cells except?

Back 11

Lymphocytes

Front 12

Prostiglandins:
receptor on same cell?
neighboring cells or long distance?

Back 12

Autocrine
Paracrine

Front 13

Molecule that binds to a specific site on another molecule, usually a protein

Back 13

Ligand

Front 14

T/F - Chemical messengers elicit their response in the target cell w/o being metabolized by the cell?

Back 14

True

Front 15

T/F - Each receptor binds many specific chemical messengers.

Back 15

False - only one - each receptor initiates a characteristic signal transduction pathway

Front 16

T/F - Hormones are feedback regulated to achieve right concentration in blood.

Back 16

True

Front 17

- Member of tyrosine kinase family of receptors.
- exists in the membrane as preformed dimer.
-contain alpha and beta subunit.

Back 17

Insulin Receptor

Front 18

SU's of Insulin Receptor:
autophosphorylates each other when insulin binds, therby activating the receptor.

Back 18

Beta SU

Front 19

The Beta SU autophosphorylates each other when insulin binds, there by activating the receptor, which binds a protein called?

Back 19

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS). phosphorylates it at multiple sites - Grb 2, P13-kinase, PLC

Front 20

Ligand-gated ion channel
Enz-Linked Receptor ie GF Receptors
And G-Protein Coupled Receptor are all types of?

Back 20

Cell Surface Receptors.

Front 21

receptor protein associated w/ a G-protein on the cytoplasmic side.

Back 21

G-protein linked receptor - consists of seven alpha helices spanning the membrane.

Front 22

Numerous cells can simultaneously receive and respond to local regulators produced by a single cell in their vicinity?

Back 22

Paracrine Signaling

Front 23

Nerve cell produces a neurotransmitter that diffuses to a single cell that is almost touching the sender.

Back 23

Synaptic Signaling

Front 24

An electrical signal passing along the nerve cell triggers secretion of the neurotransmitter into the?

Back 24

Synaptic Cleft - Nerve signals can travel along a series of nerve cells w/o unwanted response from other cells.

Front 25

Acetylcholine is a type of ? transmitter

Back 25

small molecule

Front 26

AcH is rapidly degraded by?

Back 26

AcH-esterase

Front 27

Activation of Phospholipase:
DAG and IP3 are created when a phospholipase cleaves a membrane phospholipe?
Phospholipase may be activated by a ? or a ?
IP3 activates a gated-calcium channel releasing?

Back 27

PIP2
G protein or a tyrosine-kinase receptor
Ca2+

Front 28

T/F - One Tyrosine-kinase receptor dimer may activate ten or more different intracellular proteins simultaneously?

Back 28

True

Front 29

When tyrosine-kinase becomes activated it adds? to the tyrosine tails of other polypeptides?

Back 29

phosphates

Front 30

Proteins in the transforming growth factor (TGF-beta). The cytokine/hormone involved in tissue repair, immune regulation, and cell proliferation

Back 30

Serine/Thronine Kinase Receptor

Front 31

Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Back 31

Protein Kinase

Front 32

Each Protein phosphorylation leads to a? b/c of the interaction b/t the phostphate group and charged or polar AA's

Back 32

Shape Change

Front 33

Phosphorylation of a protein typically converts it from an ? to a ?

Back 33

Inactive -> Active

Front 34

T/F - A single cell may have hundreds of different protein kinases, each specific for a different substrate protein.

Back 34

True

Front 35

Examples of signal receptors dissolved in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells.
pass through the plasma membrane

Back 35

hydrophobic steroid and thyroid hormones of animals.
NO

Front 36

Fast acting vasodilator that is used to treat acute attacks of?

Back 36

Nitroglycerin
Dont know what it is used for.

Front 37

T/F - Many chronic diseases are caused by failure to terminate a response at the appropriate time.

Back 37

True