Biochem - T3 - Gluconeogenesis

Front 1

biosynthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, occurs primarily in liver.

Back 1

Gluconegogenesis

Front 2

gluconeogenesis occurs in the ? and ?

Back 2

liver and kidneys

Front 3

During fasting, when hepatic glycogen is depleted, ? is essential for maintenance of blood glucose levels.

Back 3

Gluconeogenesis

Front 4

Energy for gluconeogenesis is provided by metabolism of?

Back 4

Fats released from adipose tissue.

Front 5

Precursors providing a source of carbon include?,?,? and?

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Lactate
pyruvate
glycerol
alanine

Front 6

the major function of gluconeogenesis?

Back 6

produce glucose - achieved by converting low molecular weight compounds such as AA's, glycerol from fat, and lactate.

Front 7

Gluconeogenesis in general provents hypoglycemia by?

Back 7

increasing blood glucose levels b/t meals.

Front 8

Gluconeogenesis is essentially the opposite of?

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anaerobic glycolysis - proceeds by a slightly different pathway, involving both mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes.

Front 9

Gluconeogenesis is the only metabolic pathway in the body that uses? and converts it back to glucose.

Back 9

Lactate

Front 10

Precursors of Gluconeogenesis:
1.)lactate-->
2.)Glycerol from?
3.)AA mainly?

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1.) Pyruvate
2.) from adipose stores
3.) alanine - produced in muscle from other AA's.
-Necessary energy for this pathway is being obtained from fatty acid metabolism.

Front 11

converts lactate into pyruvate?

Back 11

lactate dehydrogenase which then enters mitochondria

Front 12

Converts pyruvate into OAA?

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Pyruvate Carboxylase - requires ATP and bicarb as substrates.
-Requires biotin as the prosthetic group.

Front 13

OAA formed in mitochondria is converted to either? or ? to enter cytoplasm via malate/aspartate shuttle, then gets converted back to OAA

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Malate or Aspartate

Front 14

Cytosolic OAA is then decarboxylated by enzyme? generating?

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PEPCK
Phosphoenol pyruvate - for the rxn, GTP provides energy

Front 15

After the Formation of ?, glycolysis proceeds backwards until the rxn reaches the next irreversible rxn, PFK-1 in the cytosol

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PEP

Front 16

Enzyme that is a major control of gluconeogenesis?

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Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase.
-Simple hydrolysis of Fructose 1,6-biphosphate.(F1,6BP)

Front 17

converts F6P to G6P
Fructose 6-phosphate to Glucose 6-phosphate.

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Phosphoglucose Isomerase

Front 18

converts G6P to glucose?

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Glucose 6-phosphatase - glucose is released into the blood.

Front 19

ByPass Enz's of Gluconeo.(4)

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1.) Pyruvate carboxylase(OAA--> Pyruvate)
2.) PEP kinase
3.) F 1,6 biphosphotase (F1,6 biP to F6P)
4.) Glucose 6-phosphotase (G6P to Glucose)

Front 20

Glucneo makes a ? of glucose/day

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Kg

Front 21

Major AA's exported from muscle for gluconeo.(2)

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Alanine and Glutamine -
Alanine readily gets converted to Pyruvate resulting in the syn of glucose.

Front 22

4 reasons Gluconeo to kick in?

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Fasting, Prolonged Exercise, high protein diet, and stress

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Gluconeo is stimulated when insulin levels are? and glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol levels are ?

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low
High

Front 24

Production of lactate by muscles and by RBC's, with high protein diet and low CHO diet leads to?

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Gluconeogenesis

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Glycolysis slows during Gluconeo b/c ? is not available to activate Phosphofructokinase.

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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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Gluconeo increases b/c of the decreased concentration of ?

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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - which activates the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

Front 27

Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) is inhibited by ? and stimulated by ?

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ATP
AMP

Front 28

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) is inhibited by?

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AMP

Front 29

allows recycling of Lactate to Glucose?

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Cori Cycle

Front 30

Facilitates cycling of lactate and glucose b/t tissues and liver?

Back 30

Cori Cycle