Biochem Quiz 3 Fall- Cac And Etc

Front 1

The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the ______.
a) nucleus
b) inner membrane of mitochondrion
c)Cytoplasm
d) Matrix of mitochondrion

Back 1

d) mitochondrial matrix

Front 2

All are irreversible steps of CAC except:
a) succinate dehydrogenase
b) Citrate synthase
c) isocitrate dehydrogenase
d) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Back 2

a) succinate dehydrogenase

Front 3

Identify the two decarboxylation steps in CAC.

Back 3

1) Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the irreversible two-step oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, producing alpha-ketoglutarate

2) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is a large multi-enzyme conglomerate responsible for the irreversible oxidative decarboyxlation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-SCoA.

Front 4

List the three oxidative steps that require NAD+ as an electron acceptor.

Back 4

1) Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase.
2) alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA via alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
3) Malate to Oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase.

Front 5

Name the one oxidative step that requires FAD as an electron acceptor.

Back 5

Succinate to Fumarate via succinate dehydrogenase

Front 6

Which enzymatic step does substrate level phosphorylation occur:
a) isocitrate dehydrogenase
b) succinyl-CoA synthetase
c) succinate dehydrogenase
d) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Back 6

b) succinyl-CoA synthetase

Front 7

Most of the Acetyl CoA that enters the CAC comes from what?

Back 7

Pyruvate dehydrogenase step

Front 8

CAC is dependent on:
a) Substrate concentration
b) Product concentration
c) Enzyme concentration
d) Temperature

Back 8

a) substrate concentration

Front 9

True or false:
Substrate level phosphorylation generates ATP through the Electron Transport Chain

Back 9

False. Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP by using the ETC.

Front 10

True/False
Viewed by some scientists as the most important rate limiting step, Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon compound which is condensed with a 6 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) to form the 4 carbon compound citrate.

Back 10

False, citrate is 6 carbons while oxaloacetate is 4 carbons.

Front 11

Succinate dehydrogenase is located in the:
a) Mitochondrial matrix
b) Nucleus
c) Outer mitochondrial membrane
d) Inner mitochondrial membrane

Back 11

d) inner mitochondrial membrane

(all other CAC enzymes are soluble in the mitochondrial matrix)

Front 12

1) __ ATP are produced through one pyruvate dehydrogenase (via one NADH).
2) __ ATP are produced per pyruvate.
3) __ ATP are produced per glucose molecule.
4) __ ATP from aerobic metabolism.
5) __ ATP from complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water.
6) __ ATP come from one turn of the Citric Acid Cycle

Back 12

1) 3 ATP (because 1 NADH=3ATP)
2) 15 ATP/pyruvate
3) 30 ATP/glucose molecule (remember we get 2 pyruvate from the oxidation of glucose)
4) 8 ATP
5) 38 ATP
6) 12 ATP

Front 13

12 ATP are produced from each round of the CAC via acetyl-CoA. Describe the breakdown of where these ATP come from.

Back 13

SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
*1 GTP from succinyl-SCoA synthetase produces 1 ATP

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
*1 NADH from isocitrate dehydrogenase=3ATP
*1 NADH from alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase=3ATP
*1 FADH2 from succinate dehydrogenase=2 ATP
1 NADH from malate dehydrogenase=3ATP

ADD THESE ALL UP AND YOU GET 12 ATP.

Front 14

Succinate dehydrogenase produces __ ATP from the reduction of ___ to ___.

Back 14

2 ATP from the reduction of FAD to FADH2. Remember succinate dehydrogenase enzyme is the "odd man out".

Front 15

True/False
None of the intermediates in the CAC are depleted.

Back 15

True

Front 16

[Write INHIBIT OR ACTIVATE in the blanks]
1) High cellular ATP levels ____ citrate synthase.
2) Malonate _____ succinate dehydrogenase.

Back 16

1) inhibit
2) inhibit

Front 17

The citric acid cycle generates _(1)_ molecules of NADH, _(2)_ molecules of FADH2, and _(3)_ molecule/s of GTP (ATP) per acetyl-SCoA that enters the cycle. Each molecule of NADH yields _(4)_ molecules of ATP and each molecule of FADH2 yields _(5)_ molecules of ATP through the electron transport system in oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, in total from each round of the CAC approximately _(6)_ molecules of ATP are produced.

Back 17

1) 3
2) 1
3) 1
4) 3
5) 2
6) 12

Front 18

Mutations can occur in the genes for CAC enzymes. Often these mutations are:
a) Incomplete dominance
b) Codominance
c) Autosomal recessive
d) Autosomal dominant

Back 18

c) autosomal recessive

Front 19

Mutation in the genes for CAC created fatal lesions in a 5 month old baby called _____.

Back 19

Enzymopathies

Front 20

True/false
Enzymopathies have been linked to cancer and they manifest in brain cells.

Back 20

True

Front 21

Leigh syndrome is a mutation (CAC) in:
a) Succinyl-CoA synthetase
b) isocitrate dehydrogenase
c) Fumarase
d) succinate dehydrogenase

Back 21

d) succinate dehydrogenase

Front 22

Leigh syndrome manifests itself in all the following ways except:
a) encephalopathy
b) seizures
c) cancer
d) gastrointestinal distress

Back 22

d) GI distress

Front 23

True/False
Mutation in alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl CoA have good prognosis.

Back 23

False, poor prognosis.

Front 24

Which step of CAC is a multi-enzyme conglomerate that requires cofactors?

Back 24

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 25

Which of following is not a cofactor for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? [there maybe more than one answer]
a) NADH
b) FAD
c) Thiamine pyrophosphate
d) NAD+
e)Coenzyme A
f) lipoic acid

Back 25

a) NADH

Front 26

Succinyl-SCoA synthetase cleaves a high-energy ___ bond.
a) peptide
b) sulfur
c) thiosulfur
d) thioester

Back 26

d) thioester

Front 27

Which enzyme involves a trans addition of H and OH that is near equilibrium?
a) Aconitase
b) Malate dehydrogenase
c) Fumarase
d) Citrate synthase
e) Succinate dehydrogenase

Back 27

c) Fumarase

Front 28

In the regulation of CAC:
1) CAC is inhibited or stimulated by NADH?

2) High-energy signals turn CAC on or off?

3) Low-energy signals turn CAC on or off?

Back 28

1) Inhibited
2) off
3) on

Front 29

CAC is dependent on the concentrations of all of the following except [multiple answers may exist]:
a) NAD+
b) FADH2
c) NADH
d) Acetyl CoA
e) FAD

Back 29

b) FADH2
c) NADH

Front 30

Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain:
1) Complex I=
2) Complex II=
3) Complex III=
4) Complex IV=

(5)Complex V= )

6) Complexes 1-4 contain electron carrier proteins that are water soluble or water insoluble?

Back 30

Complex I= NAD-DH
II=FAD-succinate DH
III=Cytochrome C Reductase
IV= Cytochrome C Oxidase

V=ATPase

6) Water insoluble.

Front 31

Under aerobic conditions ____ and ___ generate energy in oxidative phosphorylation by ETC.

Back 31

NADH, FADH2

*Electrons from these two molecules are transported to O2 to form H20

Front 32

True or false
NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase step is transported into the mitochondria via *specific shuttle systems*.

Back 32

True

Front 33

**What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?**

Back 33

Oxygen

Front 34

True/False
As electrons are passed down the ETC they gain energy.

Back 34

False, they lose energy.

Front 35

What 3 things does NAD-DH complex contain?

Back 35

(this is Complex I)
=NAD+, FMN (flavin mono nucleotide), and NAD-linked dehydrogenases

Front 36

The largest complex in ETC is NAD-DH which consists of
about ___ polypeptide chains.
a) 10
b) 34
c) 54
d) 74
e) 100

Back 36

b) 34

Front 37

Which does NOT act as a proton pump?
a) Complex I
b) Complex II
c) Complex III
d) Complex IV

Back 37

b) Complex II

Front 38

Where does ETC take place?

Back 38

Mitochondrial membrane

Front 39

True/False
Complex I has a high affinity for electrons.

Back 39

False, they have a low affinity for electrons this is why they give them up so easily!

Front 40

Complex I in ETC pumps ___ protons into the ____.
a) 2, mitochondrial membrane
b) 2, intermembrane space
c) 2, mitochondrial matrix
d) 4, mitochondrial membrane
e) 4, mitochondrial matrix
f) 4, intermembrane space

Back 40

f) 4, intermembrane space

Front 41

In ETC, NADH donates electrons to FMN producing ___ which then passes electrons through __[#]__ iron sulfur (Fe-S) within complex I and then onto ____.

Back 41

FMNH2, 3, ubiquitous lipophilic ubiquinone (aka coenzyme Q)

Front 42

Complex II contains what 2 components?

Back 42

Succinate dehydrogenase and a flavoprotein component.

Front 43

In Complex II of ETC, ___________ passes electrons from succinate to ____, forming ____ and fumarate.

Back 43

Succinate dehydrogenase, FAD, FADH2

Front 44

Ubiquinone is a small lipid-soluble molecule that is sequentially reduced to ubiquinol (QH2), it may accept electrons from:
a) Complex I
b) Complex II
c) Both of above
d) Complex III
e) All of above

Back 44

c) Both of above

This is the main function of ubiquinone, it acts as a collector of electrons and protons from complex I and II! It accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons and is reduced in 2 sequential steps to ubiqinol (QH2).

Front 45

ETC accepts electrons from ubiquinol passed to the ___ and then to ___ of complex III.

Back 45

cytochrome b and then to cytochrome c of complex III

Front 46

Cytochrome c of ETC is a small protein of 104 amino acids and a molecular weight of 13kD, it acts a bridge between:
a) Complexes I and II
b) Complexes II and III
c) Complexes III and IV
d) Complexes I through IV

Back 46

c) III and IV

Front 47

Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) of ETC accepts electrons from ____.

Back 47

Cytochrome c

Front 48

True/False
Complex IV of ETC is a transmembrane protein of 13 polypeptides that contains *two "a" cytochromes, heme iron, and Mg.*

Back 48

False, it contains Cu not Mg.

Front 49

True/False
The transfer of electrons from NADH to molecular O2 to form water is highly exergonic.

Back 49

True, exergonic=releases energy

Front 50

The amount of energy liberated from the overall reaction of ETC is:
a) 34.5 kcal/mol
b) -34.5 kcal/mol
c) 52.6 kcal/mol
d) -52.6 kcal/mol

Back 50

d) -52.6 kcal/mol
(exergonic)

Front 51

ETC has about a ___ efficiency where 3 molecules of ATP require a total of 21.9 kcal of energy.
a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 40%
d) 50%
e) 75%

Back 51

c) 40%

Front 52

What two ETC inhibitors block flavoprotein-NADH dehydrogenase complex?

Back 52

Rotenone and amytal

Front 53

What inhibitor of ETC prevents the passage of electrons through the cytochrome c reductase?
a) Antimycin A
b) Amytal
c) Rotenone
d) Valinomycin

Back 53

a) Antimycin A

Front 54

True/False
ATP synthesis is required to transport electrons in ETC

Back 54

False, artificial uncoupling agents can do this too.

Front 55

Which is NOT an example of an artifical uncoupler?
a) 2,4-dinitrophenol
b) Antimycin A
c) Gramicidin A
d) Valinomycin

Back 55

b) Antimycin

gramicidin A and valinomycin are antibiotics that also disrupt the proton gradient by serving as uncouplers.

Front 56

T/F
Control of the rate of oxidative phosphorylation is called respiratory control. The amount of ATP synthesized per substrate molecule oxidized can be given by the P/O ratio.

Back 56

True

Front 57

What ETC inhibitor was used as poison by Amazon Indians to catch dead fish and is also used in the treatment of head lice?

Back 57

Rotenone

Front 58

True/False
NADH produced from PDH activity is donated to ETC.

Back 58

True

Front 59

Which is NOT an ETC inhibitor that prevents the final transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen by interacting with cytochrome c oxidase? [there may be more than one answer]
a) CN-
b) CO
c) S
d) Azide
e) H2S
f) Amytal

Back 59

c) S
f) Amytal. Amytal is a barbiturate that specifically prevents the use of NADH as a source of electrons since it also blocks the flavoprotein-NADH DH complex.

Front 60

T/F
Rotenone is an ETC inhibitor that has a high affinity for Complex II.

Back 60

False, Complex I. It blocks electron transfer to Coenzyme Q.

Front 61

True/False
The conformational coupling hypothesis proposed that the ATPase of the mitochondrial membrane continually switched between high energy and low energy states. However, this is inconsistent with the chemiosmotic model.

Back 61

False, it's consistent with it (ex: intermembrane space is 0.14 volts more positive than the matrix, electrochemical gradient across the membrane is produced, etc).

Front 62

In the ETC, is the intermembrane space more positive or negative than the matrix? Is the pH lower or higher than the mitochondrial membrane?

Back 62

Positive, lower pH

Front 63

How many electrons must pass through the electron transport chain in order to synthesize one molecule of ATP?

Back 63

2 electrons

(this question was from Sparknotes)

Front 64

When NADH converts back to NAD+, is this oxidation or reduction?

Back 64

Removal of hydrogen is oxidation.

Front 65

When CoQ converts to CoQH2, is this oxidation or reduction?

Back 65

Addition of hydrogen is reduction.

Front 66

What are the final products of the ETC?

Back 66

3 ATP and a water molecule
^THIS CAN'T BE RIGHT, this was a question from google though...

Front 67

Describe the chemiosmotic theory of generation of ATP as a result of an electron transport chain. In the process, describe proton motive force and indicate the function of ATP synthase.

[this has a long answer that was just a question off an internet site)

Back 67

The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: According to this theory, the tranfer of electrons down an electron transport system through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions releases energy. This energy allows certain carriers in the chain to transport hydrogen ions (H+ or protons) across a membrane. The fluid on the side of the membrane where the protons accumulate acquires a positive charge; the fluid on the opposite side of the membrane is left with a negative charge. The energized state of the membrane as a result of this charge separation is called proton motive force or PMF and provides the energy necessary for enzymes called ATP synthases to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate. This generation of ATP occurs as the protons cross the membrane through the ATP synthase complexes and re-enter either the bacterial cytoplasm or the matrix of the mitochondria.

Front 68

Cyanide is a metabolic poison that stops the ETC by directly blocking the actions of:
A) NAD+
B) NADH
C) ATP synthase
D) cytochrome oxidase

Back 68

D) Cytochrome oxidase

Front 69

Electron Transport Chain:
When the H+ re-enter the matrix, they activate an enzyme called:
A) cytochrome oxidase
B) pepsin
C) protease
D) ATP synthase

Back 69

D) ATP synthase

Front 70

H+ move down their concentration gradient by ___________ back into the matrix.
A) osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) simple diffusion
D) active transport

Back 70

B) Facilitated diffusion

Front 71

Hydrogen ions are pumped from the __________ to the ___________.

A) matrix; intermembrane space
B) matrix; cytoplasm
C) cytoplasm; matrix
D) cytoplasm; intermembrane space

Back 71

A) matrix; intermembrane space

Front 72

As electrons travel down the ETC, they release:
A) ADP
B) ATP
C) energy
D) hydrogen ions

Back 72

C) energy

Front 73

True/False
All the complexes of ETC are seperate from each other and they only interact when they bump into each other.

Back 73

True
-They then take electrons when they bump into each other.

Front 74

True/false
The oxidation of one molecule of NADH produces 1.5 ATP (P/O ratio is 1.5) and oxidation of one molecule of FADH2 produces 2.5 ATP (P/O ratio is 2.5)

Back 74

False
NADH produces 2.5 ATP (P/O ratio is 2.5)
FADH2 produces 1.5 ATP (P/O ratio is 1.5)

Front 75

True/False
Antimycin A prevents the passage of electrons through cytochrome c reductase

Back 75

True

Front 76

Hanz Kreb was a _____ student.
a) Poor
b) Mediocre
c) Superb
d) Who gives a shit but the answer is B (mediocre)

Back 76

mediocre

Front 77

Which of the following statements is true?
a. The Citric Acid Cycle occurs primarily in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells.
b. The Citric Acid Cycle occurs entirely in the innermost membrane of the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells.
c. The Citric Acid Cycle occurs primarily in the innermost membrane of eukaryotic cells.
d. The Citric Acid Cycle occurs entirely in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells.
e. None are true.

Back 77

d. The Citric Acid Cycle occurs entirely in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells.

Front 78

The citric acid cycle is divided into how many enzyme catalyzed steps?
a. 8
b. 10
c. 12
d. 18
e. the number varies depending on levels of Acetyl-SCoA

Back 78

a. 8

Front 79

The citric acid cycle was elucidated by
a. Hans Koshland in 1934
b. Hans Koshland in 1937
c. Hans Krebs in 1937
d. Roger Cori in 1932
e. Hans and Frans in 1989

Back 79

c. Hanz Krebs in 1937

Front 80

The citric acid cycle plays a key role in metabolism by:
a. Inhibiting further production of Acetyl-SCoA
b. Inhibiting further production of Acetyl-CoA
c. Oxidizing Acetyl-CoA to CO2 and H20
d. Oxidizing Acetyl-SCoA to CO2 and H20

Back 80

d. Oxidizing Acetyl-SCoA to CO2 and H20

Front 81

Acetyl SCoA originates from the metabolism of:
a. Carbohydrates and amino acids but not fatty acids
b. Carbohydrates and fatty acids but not amino acids
c. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids
d. Fatty acids and amino acids but not carbohydrates
e. Carbohydrates only
f. Carbohydrates and protein.

Back 81

c. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids

Front 82

What stage of metabolism is the citric acid cycle?
a. First
b. Middle
c. Final
d. None of the above because the citric acid cycle stands alone

Back 82

c. Final

Front 83

The central role of the citric acid cycle is:
a. Aerobic fuel metabolism
b. Oxidative fuel metabolism
c. Both of the above.
d. Anaerobic fuel metabolism
e. All of the above.
f. None of the above

Back 83

c. Both of the above.

Front 84

Which statement is true regarding the citric acid cycle?
a. There is no net degradation of intermediates, which are shared with other pathways.
b. There is some degradation of intermediates, which are shared with other pathways.
c. There is major degradation of intermediates, which are shared with other pathways.
d. There is major degradation of intermediates, which cannot be shared with other pathways.

Back 84

a. There is no net degradation of intermediates, which are shared with other pathways.

Front 85

Name the irreversible steps in the citric acid cycle.
a. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 5 – Succinyl-SCoA synthase
b. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 6 – Succinate dehydrogenase
c. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase
d. Step 1 – Citrate synthase, Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Back 85

d. Step 1 – Citrate synthase, Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 86

Identify the two decarboxylation steps in the citric acid cycle.
a. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
b. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 5 – Succinyl-ScoA synthase
c. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 6 – Succinate dehydrogenase
d. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase

Back 86

a. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 87

List the three oxidative steps that require NAD+ as an electron acceptor.
a. Step 1 – Citrate synthase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase
b. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Step 7 – fumarase
c. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase
d. Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Step 6 – Succinate dehydrogenase, Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase

Back 87

c. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase

Front 88

List the one oxidative step that requires FAD as an electron acceptor.
a. Step 2 – Aconitase
b. Step 5 – Succinyl-ScoA synthetase
c. Step 6 – Succinate dehydrogenase
d. Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase

Back 88

c. Step 6 – Succinate dehydrogenase

Front 89

Name the enzymatic step in which substrate level phosphorylation occurs.
a. Step 1 – Citrate synthetase
b. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c. Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
d. Step 5 – Succinyl-ScoA synthetase

Back 89

d. Step 5 – Succinyl-ScoA synthetase

Front 90

Name the oxidative decarboxylation step in the citric acid cycle that is catalyzed by a multienzyme complex.
a. Step 1 – Citrate synthetase
b. Step 2 – Aconitase
c. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase
d. Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
e. Step 5 – Succinyl-ScoA synthetase
f. Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase

Back 90

d. Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 91

Name the one membrane-bound enzyme in the citric acid cycle.
a. Step 1 – Citrate synthetase
b. Step 2 – Aconitase
c. Step 3 – Isocitrate dehydrogenase
d. Step 4 - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
e. Step 5 – Succinyl-ScoA synthetase
f. Step 6 – Succinate dehydrogenase
g. Step 8 – Malate dehydrogenase

Back 91

f. Step 6 – Succinate dehydrogenase

Front 92

How much ATP in the citric acid cycle is from substrate level phosphorylation?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
e. 8

Back 92

b. 2 (one per turn but there are 2 turns)

Front 93

How much ATP in the citric acid cycle does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex generate?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 6

Back 93

e. 6 (3 per turn but there are 2 turns, 1 NADH = 3 ATP)

Front 94

How many molecules of NADH are generated in glycolysis?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3

Back 94

c. 2

Double check this answer b/c I'm finding two diff answers from two diff sources

Front 95

Each turn of the citric acid cycle converts one molecule of
a. Acetyl-ScoA to 1 NADH, 3 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP
b. Acetyl-ScoA to 2 NADH, 3 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP
c. Acetyl-ScoA to 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, 3 GTP/ATP
d. Acetyl-ScoA to 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP
e. Acetyl-ScoA to 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 GTP/ATP

Back 95

d. Acetyl-ScoA to 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP

Front 96

The citric acid cycle is a:
a. Amphipathic pathway
b. Amphitrophic pathway
c. Amphibolic pathway
d. Biochemical pathway that involves both catabolism and anabolism
e. Both a and c
f. Both b and d
g. Both b and c
h. Both c and d

Back 96

h. Both c and d

Front 97

Which of the following are regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle?
a. Citrate synthase
b. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
d. succinate dehydrogenase
e. a and b
f. a, b, and c
g. all of the above
h. none of the above

Back 97

f. a, b, and c

Front 98

True or False: ATP from oxidative phosphorylation in the CAC is as follows:
1 NADH from isocitrate dehydrogenase = 3 ATP
1 NADH from -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 from succinate dehydrogenase = 2 ATP
1 NADH from malate dehydrogenase = 3 ATP

Back 98

True

Front 99

Which of the following statements is true?
1. An overall total of 38 molecules of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of glucose to Acetyl-ScoA, CO2, and H20.
2. When added to the pyruvate dehydrogenase step at total of 15 ATP/pyruvate, or 30 ATP/glucose molecules are obtained
3. Each molecule of FADH2 yields a molecule of ATP
4. Each round of the citric acid cycle produces 12 molecules of ATP

a. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 4
d. 4 only
e. all the statements are true.

Back 99

c. 2 and 4

Front 100

True/False
Ubiquinone is ubiquitous and accepts electrons from Complex I and II

Back 100

True