Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List some effects of hyperglycemia...i'm thinking about the lense, a protein kinase, GFR/RPF, conduction velocity
|
glycation of proteins (collagen, RBC's).
activation of pKC sorbitol accumulation in the lense and nerves, so swelling lowered nerve conduction velocity. cytokine activation. Increased GFR and RPF. (think more in your blood trying to be filtered, but it's not working). |
|
|
what are the two big pathways listed for damage from hyperglycemia? what do they lead to?
|
sorbitol pathway and glycation pathway.
sorbitol pathway makes osmotic stress and oxidative stress. glycation has bad protein function/turnover, AGE's, weird cytokines, etc. |
|
|
what glucose tests are there?
|
RPG (random plasma glucose), taken at any old time.
FPG (fasting plasma glucose), taken before breakfast. OGTT - oral glucose tolerance test (taken 2 hours after 75 gram glucose intake). (PPG) postprandial plasma glucose - 2 hours after a meal. HbA1c. last 2/3 months glucose control. Note that A1c reflects both postprarional and fasting glucose levels during the past 60/90 days. |
|
|
what are our normal values for fasting plasma glucose ant OGTT?
|
for fasting glucose tolerance, anything under 110 is normal. Anything above 125 is bad.
for OGTT, anything under 140 is fine, anything above 200 is bad. |
|
|
if you have diabetes symptoms, what random plasma glucose do you have to have to be diagnosed as having the betus?
|
over 200 - just like an OGTT.
|
|
|
what percentage of type 1's are diagnosed after age 18?
|
half.
|
|
|
in type 2, what are the two kinds of resistance you can have? i'm thinking body tissues.
|
hepatic resistance = keep producing glucose when you shouldn't
muscle/fat resistance = don't uptake glucose nearly as well, so it stays in blood. |
|
|
on muscle and fat cells, what are the mechanisms of glucose uptake?
|
insulin binds, chemical stuff, causes glut 4 to be expressed on cell surface to uptake glucose.
|
|
|
what can high free floating fatty acids cause?
|
insulin insensitivity
|
|
|
what kind of fat is associated with type II?
|
intra-abdominal.
|
|
|
when insulin is secreted, should amylin be secreted? what happens in diabetes?
|
yes! they're secreted together - diabetes involves decreased amylin secretion.
|
|
|
what's incretin? what makes it? what's the incretin effect?
|
made by gut - jejunal and ileal L cells, in particular.
helps make insulin work - increaes insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, reduces intake (makes you feel full). increases insulin sensitivity makes beta cells big and healthy. glucose given IV is harder to clear - if eaten, do a much better job. |
|
|
aggressive treatment for type 2 - risks and benefits?
|
if high risks, may cause CVD problems.
but, might lower renal problems. trade off. |
