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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many grams of ethanol are contained in 1 mL?
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0.789 g
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how much ethanol is contained in 1 standard drink?
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10 g
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what is the primary site of absorption of ethanol?
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small intestine
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what does the rate of absorption of alcohol depend on?
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rate of gastric emptying
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true or false... ethanol is slowly equilibrated across cell membranes
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false, this occurs rapidly
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is ethanol a strong or weak drug?
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it is a very weak drug (need extremely high levels to achieve psychotropic effects)
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what is the major site of metabolism of ethanol?
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liver
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which enzyme catalyses the first reaction in ethanol metabolism?
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alcohol dehydrogenase (converts (70-90%) ethanol to acetaldehyde)
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where is alcohol dehydrogenase located?
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cytoplasm
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name two minor pathways of ethanol metabolism.
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microsomal ethanol oxidising system (meos) and catalase
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what is responsible for most of the harmful effects of alcohol?
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acetaldehyde
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which enzyme detoxifies acetaldehyde?
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acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
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what is the major mitochondrial form of ALDH?
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ALDH2
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which polymorphism of ALDH2 has high activity?
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ALDH2*1
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does ALDH2*2 have high or low activity?
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low
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what percentage of the alcohol dependent population have low ALDH activity?
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5%
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true or false... ALDH2*1/ALDH2*2 heterozygotes are protected against alcohol dependence.
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false, this is true for ALDH2*2 homozygotes who will experience a Flushing Syndrome
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what is disulfiram?
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inhibitor of ALDH (induces flushing syndrome)
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what is acetaldehyde converted to?
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acetic acid
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why does alcohol have nutritional value?
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the conversion from ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetate provides a substrate that can enter the Citric Acid cycle
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true or false... alcohol drives generation of NADH?
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true
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what is a common vitamin deficiency occurring in alcoholics?
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thiamine (vitamin B1)
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why is decreased fatty acid utilisation a consequence of ethanol consumption?
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depletion of NAD+
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why do alcoholics have the tendency to go into lactic acidosis?
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pyruvate is converted to lactate in the presence of NADH
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name some dietary sources of thiamine
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meat, green leafy veggies, legumes, corn, brown rice
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name the two thiamine deficiency syndromes.
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Wernicke's Encephalopathy, Korsakov's Psycosis
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which thiamine deficiency syndrome is associated with paralysis of the extraocular muscles?
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Wernicke's Encephalopathy
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how is thiamine activated?
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by conversion to thiamine pyrophosphate (an ATP dependent reaction)
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what is the significance of thiamine pyrophsophate?
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it acts as a conenzyme for: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase
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under what circumstances will red cell transketolase activity be reduced?
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thiamine deficiency
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which enzyme provides an alternative cellular pathway for ethanol metabolism?
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phospholipase D
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what is responsible for intestinal hyperplasia in the context of alcohol consumption?
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phosphatidylethanol
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does ethanol or acetaldehyde induce the psychotropic effects of alcohol?
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ethanol
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true or false... chronic alcohol abuse will result in upregulation of GABA(A) receptors
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false, chronically, there is a reduction in GABA(A) receptors.
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what are the acute CNS effects of alcohol consumption?
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reduced NMDA activity, reduced activity of calcium channels and increased GABA(A)activity
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