Biochem Nobel Prize Winners

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Max von Laue: (Germany) Physics

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discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals

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Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg (UK) Physics

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services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

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Eduard Buchner (Germany) Chemistry

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his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation

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James Batcheller Sumner (US) Chemistry

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his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized

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John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley (US) Chemistry

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their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form

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Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge (UK) Chemistry

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for their invention of partition chromatography

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Linus Carl Pauling (US) Chemistry

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his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances

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Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (UK)

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his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes. He identified phosphodiester linkage between 3' C of one sugar and 5'C on another sugar on DNA

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Frederick Sanger (UK)

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created DNA sequencing and protein sequencing. his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of INSULIN

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Max Ferdinand Perutz and John Cowdery Kendrew (UK)

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their studies of the structures of globular proteins. Perutz was Cricks Professor.

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Paul Berg (US)

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his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA

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Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger (US)

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for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

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Aaron Klug (UK)

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optical diffraction-->his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes

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Robert Bruce Merrifield(US)

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his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix

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Sidney Altman Thomas and R. Cech (US)

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their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA. DNA (genetic info) --> RNA (biocatalyst) --> Protein (biocatalyst). Proves that all enzyems are not proteins

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Kary B. Mullis (US)

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his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method... dropped another primer in the Sanger sequencing method

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Michael Smith (Canada)

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for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies

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Paul D. Boyer (US) and John E. Walker (UK)

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for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine

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Jens C. Skou (Denmark)

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for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase

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Roger D. Kornberg (US)

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proposed unit model from chromatin called nucleosome. NPW for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription

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Tom Kornberg (US)

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studied DNA polymerase II and III

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Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien (US)

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for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP. William Ward didn't get this award.

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Robert Koch (Germany)

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Koch's postualtes: 4 criteria to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. NPW for his investigations and discoveries in relation to TB

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Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov(Russia) and Paul Ehrlich (Germany):

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recognition of their work on immunity

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Gerhard Domagk (Germany)

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for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil

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Selman Abraham Waksman (US)

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for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against TB. Also, Albert Schatz's supervisor who took all credit for finding streptomycin

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George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum (US)

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for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events

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Joshua Lederberg (US)

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for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria

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Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg (US)

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for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of RNA and DNA

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Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (Australia) and Peter Brian Medawar (UK)

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for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance

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Harry Compton Crick (US) and James Dewey Watson (UK) and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (UK)

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for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for info transfer in living material. Crick proposed a syntactically Comma-free code, which structurally required a concept of a(n) adapter RNA to translate the codons into amino acids.

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François Jacob and André Lwoff and Jacques Monod (France)

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for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis

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Ragnar Granit (Sweden) and Haldan Keffer (US) and Hartline George Wald(US)

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for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye

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Robert W. Holley and Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg

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for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. His Gainsville Univ. of Florida, M.S. thesis advisor told him to quit science. His control experiment for an RNA messenger cell free protein synthesizing system was the RNA polymer Poly UUU. It coded for poly Phe.

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Gerald M. Edelman(US) and Rodney R. Porter (UK)

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for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies

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Werner Arber (Switz) and Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith (US)

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for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of

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Niels K. Jerne (Denmark) and Georges J.F. Köhler (Germany) and César Milstein (UK)

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for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies

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Richard J. Roberts (UK) and Phillip A. Sharp (US)

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for their discoveries of split genes

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Sydney Brenner (UK) and H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston(US)

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for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and apoptosis and nematod C. elegan's DNA sequences. also showed that all overlappign codes were impossible by showing the dipeptide frequency in insulin sequencing was random.

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Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello (US)

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for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

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Mario R. Capecchi (US) and Sir Martin J. Evans (UK) and Oliver Smithies(US)

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for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

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Harald zur Hausen (Germany)

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for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

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Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier (France)

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for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus