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28 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is the Central Dogma of Biochemistry?
Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to the primary structure of a protein
Nucleotides found in DNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymidine
Nucleotides found in RNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil
What is the type and direction of chemical bonds between nucleotide monomers?
3',5' phosphodiester bond
What are Chagraff's Rules?
The amount of G=C
The amount of T=A
The amount of purines=pyrimidines
What is the number and arrangement of Hydrogen bonds?
3 hydrogen bonds between G and C
2 hydrogen bonds between T and A
Describe the secondary structure of DNA
-sugar phosphate backbone is on the outside held by phosphodiester bonds

-heterocyclic bases form interior and interact specifically with bases from opposite strands
What forces stabilize DNA's secondary structure?
-Hydrogen bonding between the bases
-Base stacking
What is base stacking?
Stabilizing intermolecular force
-delocalized pi electrons of the aromatic heterocyclic bases interact with each other. They move along the length of the DNA double helix and stabilizes the interactions across the strands.
What are the major and minor grooves?
In the minor groove, the glycosidic bond between the base and the deoxyribose is exposed.
-Water and/or protein molecules can interact with the edges of bases within the grooves. (DNA modification, replication, and transcription proteins)
What affects the melting temperature of DNA
The more G/C bonds there are, the higher the melting temperature because there are three bonds to break as opposed to two.
Types of secondary structure DNA
A-wider minor groove, not found in vivo
B-Most common found in vivo
Z-may play a role in gene expression, left-handed, methylated G/C regions
What is chromatin?
Condensed DNA
What are histones?
Evolutionarily old and highly conserved proteins that make up chromatin.
What is a core histone particle?
Octomer composed of two H2A, two H2B, two H3, and two H4 histones. 146 base pairs of DNA wrap 1.75 times around this histone and is held there by electrostatic interactions between (+) arginine and lysine on the histone and (-) of phospate on DNA.
What is the nucleosome core particle?
The DNA-histone complex. The DNA now looks like beads on a string.
What is linker DNA?
54 base pairs between nucleosome particles (beads)
What is the 30nm solenoid structure?
Adjacent H1 histones bind to each other bringing the nucleosomes together
-each solenoid contains 6 nucleosomes
What is the RNA protein scaffold?
Structure which binds solenoid structure. 6 loops of solenoid structure are arranged radially around the circumference of one turn of nuclear matrix forming a rosette
Mini-Band Unit
30 rosettes
hnRNA
Heteronuclear RNA is the RNA as it is originally copied from a gene (aka primary transcript)
rRNA
integral part of ribosomes which form proteins. Most abundant
tRNA
carries activated amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a growing polypeptide chain. It is a genetic code reader.
mRNA
This structure carries information that codes for the primary structure of a protein
sRNA
Very cofactor-like. plays a role in processing hnRNA into mRNA in eukaryotes
siRNA or RNAi
Inhibitory RNA inhibit translation of mRNA...plays a role in gene expression
Endonucleases vs Exonucleases
Endonucleases catalyze hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds at specific sites within RNA or DNA

Exonucleases catalyze hydorolysis of phosphodiester bonds at one end of the chain and move one base at a time to the opposite end
Restriction Endonucleases
-In bacteria, this is used to rid the cell of viral DNA
-Molecular biologists use these to cleave DNA and the sticky ends leave places to insert other DNA