Biochem Iv: Carbohydrates

Front 1

What is the RDA of glucose?

Back 1

130 Grams/day

Front 2

Is glucose a monosaccharide?

Back 2

you bet your sweet ass it is.

Front 3

Can glucose become toxic?

Back 3

if you get too much. not enough isn't good either

Front 4

What tissues or cells can ONLY use glucose as their only source of energy?

Back 4

RBC's, cornea, lens, regions of the retina, kidney medulla, testis, leukocytes (lymphocyes and neutrophils) , and white muscle fibers, Sperm, fetus, placenta

Front 5

What does the brain use for energy if there isn't enough glucose in the blood?

Back 5

ketone bodies, but if the blood glucose levels drop too low, brain death will occur.

Front 6

Is the Brain an obligate glycolzer?

Back 6

hell no.

Front 7

What is the RDA for glucose? How bout when your preggo?
How bout when your lactating all over the place?

Back 7

130 grams/day
175 grams/day
210 grams/day

Front 8

What are the three sources of glucose?

Back 8

1. Intestinal Absorption
2. Glycogen breakdown (Glycogenolysis)
3. Biosynthesis from non-carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis)

Front 9

What are the 4 different stored fuels in humans?

Back 9

Glycogen, glucose, fat, protein

Front 10

Weight training coupled wth a high protein diet will do what?

Back 10

increase skeletal muscle protein

Front 11

A high carbohydrate diet coupled with endurance training will do what?

Back 11

increase liver and muscle glycogen levels

Front 12

What is usually our biggest energy reserve?

Back 12

Fat

Front 13

What soaks up the most glucose after a meal?

Back 13

Liver, it gets the first shot at everything coming from out gut.
Soaks up about 2/3 of the glucose coming in.

Front 14

Does insulin help take up glucose after a meal?

Back 14

nope but it does help the liver process glucose after a meal is eaten.

Front 15

What is the pathway that glucose goes through to generate NADPH?

Back 15

pentose phosphate pathway

Front 16

When glucose gets turned into glucuronic acid in the liver what does the glucuronic acid do?

Back 16

it is used for detoxification purposes.

Front 17

What is the preferred fuel for the liver?

Back 17

amino acids baby

Front 18

What does the liver do with the glucose it takes up?

Back 18

converts some to glycogen, Acetyl-CoA, and some to fattys and cholesterol, NADPH, ribose-5-phosphate (nucleic acid synthesis), glucuronic acid, and lactic acid

Front 19

What are the 4 tissues that take up the most glucose?

Back 19

Liver, Adipose, skeletal muscle, Brain

Front 20

How does insulin get glucose into adipose tissue?

Back 20

using GLUT-4. almost all glucose is converted to fatty acids which are then used to make triglycerides

Front 21

How does Insulin work?

Back 21

through a protein kinase to get phosphate on the GLUT-4 cesicle to make GLUT-4 go into the membrane

Front 22

What also works on the same little system that insulin does in reference to the GLUT-4?

Back 22

Excercise activates Cyclic-AMP Dependant Kinase to do the same thing as Insulin does. Phosphorylates the vesicle containing GLUT-4 so it can be put into the membrane.

Front 23

Which class of GLUT's has the transporters that primarily move glucose?

Back 23

Class I

Front 24

Which GLUT's are considered high affinity?

Back 24

GLUT-1, GLUT-3, GLUT-4

Front 25

Which GLUT is considered "low-affinity binding protein"?

Back 25

GLUT-2

Front 26

Which GLUT transporter is considered Insulin-dependant?

Back 26

GLUT-4

Front 27

Where is GLUT4 mainly found?

Back 27

It's only present in the plasma membrane when a cell is responding to insulin. It is found primarily in skeletal muscle, fat tissue and heart muscle.

Front 28

What percentage of glucose does GLUT4 take out of the blood after a meal?

Back 28

Removes about 30% of the glucose from blood after a meal.

Front 29

What type of GLUT do neurons use?

Back 29

GLUT3, its the best mover of glucose.

Front 30

What does SGLT stand for?

How many are there?

Back 30

Sodium-coupled glucose transporters

6

Front 31

Which SGLT move glucose?

Back 31

SGLT-2 and SGLT-3 only

Front 32

What happens if blood glucose levels drop too low?

Back 32

Brain death occurs

Front 33

What happens if blood glucose levels go too high?

Back 33

tissue damage can occur (glucose reacts with proteins)

Front 34

What 4 things raise blood glucose levels?

Back 34

Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, GH

Front 35

What lowers blood glucose levels?

Back 35

Insulin

Front 36

Have you read Chapter 21 section 21.1 and 21.2?

Back 36

You should, he hits it pretty hard in the packet.