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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is metabolism?
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-the entire netweork of chemical reactions carried out by living cells
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What are metabolites?
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-small molecule intermediates in the degradation and synthesis of polymers
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What are catabolic reactions?
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-degrade molecules to create smaller molecules and energy
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What are anabolic reactions?
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-synthsize molecules for cell maintenance, growth, and reproduction
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What are the four major groups of biomolecules that undergo metabolism?
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-carbohydrates
-lipids -amino acids -nucleotides |
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What is beneficial about multi-step pathways?
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-permit control of energy input and output
-provide energy in smaller stepwise amounts (catabolic) -each enzyme catalyzes only one step in pathway -control points exist -smaller amounts of energy are available for use of cell rather than one large energy source |
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What are the three major nutrients consumed by mamals and can be used as metabolic fuels and what are they used for?
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-carbohydrates (energy)
-proteins (AA for protein synthesis and some energy) -fats (triacylglycerides for energy and lipids for membrane synthesis) |
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What does compartmentation provide?
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-separate pools of metabolites within a cell
-simultaneous operation of opposing metabolic paths -high local concentrations of metabolites -coordinated regulation of enzymes |
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What is an example of compartmentation in metabolism?
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-fatty acid synthesis enzymes (cytosol)
-fatty acid breakdown enzymes (mitochondria) |
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What is the Golgi apparatus used for in metabolic processes?
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-sorting and secreation of some proteins
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What does the ER do in metabolic processing?
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-delivers proteins and synthesizes lipids for membranes
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What does the Nucleus do in metabolic processing?
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-nucleic acid synthesis
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What does the Nuclear and Plasm membranes do in metabolic processing?
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-nothing
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What does cytosol do in metabolic processing?
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-fatty acid synthsis
-glycolysis -most gluconeogensis reactions -pentose phosphate pathway |
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What does teh mitochondrion do in metabolic processing?
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-citric acid cycle
-oxidative phosphorylation -fatty acid breakdown |
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What is the major source of energy for living cells and what is the major form of stored carbs in animals?
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-starch
-glycogen |
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List the enzymes that catalyze each step of glycolysis starting with step 1.
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-hexokinase
-phosphoglucose isomerase -phosphofructokinase-1 -aldolase -triose phosphate isomerase -glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase -phosphoglycerate kinase -phosphoglycerate mutase -enolase -pyruvate kinase |
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Overall, what are the products of glycolysis?
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-2 pyruvate
-2 NADH -2 ATP |
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For red blood cells, what is the free energy during glucose phosphorylation?
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- (-33.9kJ/mol)
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Which step of glycolysis is the reverse of an aldol condensation?
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-reaction 4
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After which reaction in glycolysis do two pathways begin in replicate?
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-Reaction 5
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What reactions in Glycolysis are Yeild Phase reactions (gives energy)?
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-Reactions 7 and 10
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Where is the site of action of arsenate?
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-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate DH
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Step 1-5, what are the descriptions of each reaction?
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1)Phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase
2)Conversion of Glucose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate 3)Phosphorylation of Fructose-6-Phosphate 4)Catalyzation by Aldolase 5)Interconversion of triose phosphates |
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Step 6-10, what are teh descriptions of each reaction?
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-Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
-First ATP Synthesis -Interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate -Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate -Second ATP production |
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What is the primary sugar used for energy in the cell?
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-glucose
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What are some other carbohydrates that can yield energy in glycolysis?
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-mannose
-galactose -glycerol |
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Where are the most amounts of glycogen found?
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-liver and muscle which can mobilize stored carbs using hormones and muscle contraction
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What is the difference between glycogen and starch?
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-glycogen has 9% branching and a molecular weight of 5,000,000
-starch has 4% branching and a mol weight between 50,000-1,000,000 |
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In the liver, kidney, and intestine what hormone supplies blood glucose?
How is this done? |
-Glucose-1-phosphate phosphatase
-G-1-P can be converted to G-6-P |
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How are glycogen stores mobilized?
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-glucagon and epinephrine
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What are the two forms of glycogen phosphorlyase and where are they found?
How do you get the inactive form to activate? |
-active form Phosphorylase a
-inactive form Phosphorylase b +treat liver slices with epinephrine |
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What affect does epinephrine treatment (on Phosphorylase b) have on membrane fraction?
How about cytoplasm? |
-removes hormone
-activates hormone |
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What causes cAMP synthesis?
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-epinephrine
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How does epinephrine cause cAMP snythesis?
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-hormone binds to membrane receptor
-this causes GDP bound to G-protein to be replaced with DTP -GTP bound to alpha subunit if G-protein diffuces to Adenylate Cyclase in the membrane -GTP-bound G-protein activates Adenylate Cyclase |
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What does cAMP do?
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-activates phosphorylase kinase (by activating Protein Kinase 1)
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What does Phosphorylase kinase activate?
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-glycogen phosphorylase
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Overall, how does hormone control work starting with epinephrine?
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-epinephrine activates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP
-cAMP activates Protein Kinase 1 -Protein Kinase 1 acrivates Phosphorylase Kinase which activates Glycogen Phosphorylase |
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What does Glycogen Synthase use to make glycogen?
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-UDP-Glucose
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What does Glycogen Synthase occur as?
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-Dependent
-Independent |
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When is Glycogen Synthase D dependent of Glucose-6-Phosphate?
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-when it's phosphorylated
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What are some glycogen storing diseases and what are they lacking?
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-Cori's Disease: debranching enzyme
-Andersen's Disease: branching enzyme -McArdle's disease: muscle glycogen phosphorylase |
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What are three glycolysis syndromes?
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-fructose intolerance
-pyrucate kinase deficiency -malignant hyperthermia |