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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enzyme
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Catalysts; most are proteins
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Catalysts
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A substance that increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway that requires less activation energy than the uncatalyzed reaction
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Competitive Inhibitors
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Compete with substrate for the active site
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Noncompetitive Inhibitors
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Can bind to either the enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex
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Uncompetitive inhibitors
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bind only to the enzyme-substrate complex
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ΔG‡
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Activation Energy
Lawls, it's the same as Ea |
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Molecularity
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Number of colliding molecules in a single-step reaction]
Unimolecular vs Bimolecular (1 vs 2 molecules) |
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Katal
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Kat
1 mol of substrate converted to product per unit second |
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Specific Activity
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A measure of purification; no. of IU per mg of protein
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IU
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International Unit of enzyme activity; amount of enzyme to produce 1 micromol of product per minute
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Macromolecular Crowding
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many macromolecules such as proteins, membranes and cytoskeletal components impeded molecular movement within a cell
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Metabolic Flux
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The rate of flow of metabolites (substrates, products, intermediates) along biological pathways
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Proximity and Strain Effects; Electrostatic Effects
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The more tightly and efficiently that an active site can bind substrate while it is in its transition state, the faster the reaction will be
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Acid-Base Catalysis
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Amino acids with side chains that can act as either proton donors or acceptors depending upon their pKa and its local environment: His, Asp, Glu, Tyr, Cys, Lys
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Covalent Catalysis
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Nucleophilic amino acid side chains (like Ser) form weak covalent bonds to facilitate the reaction (serine proteases like chymotrypsin)
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Dyads and Triads
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Groups of 2/3 amino acids that are positioned precisely for catalytic effects (polarizing specific atom/group, changing pKa of nearby functional group
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Anapleurotic Reactions
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Reactions that restore citric acid cycle components
Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP + H2O make... Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + 2H+ |
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Anomer
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Isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure (alpha v beta)
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Epimer
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Isomers that differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms)
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Furanose
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Sugars with a five-member ring
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Pyranose
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Sugars with a six-member ring
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Mutarotation
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Constant change in optical rotation by epimerization
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Glycosidic bonds
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link monosaccarides to form more complex carbs
(alpha OH is removed and bond is formed to the oxygen of one of the other carbons) |
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glycans
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polysaccharides
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