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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the most common form of glucose
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beta glucopyranose
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what is an aldonic acid
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COOH instead of aldehyde
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what is uronic acid
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COOH on the CH2OH end
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what is aldaric? lactone?
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both oxidized to COOH
ring with double O |
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reduction of the aldehyde and ketone groups of monosac yields the susgar alcohols called _____
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alditols
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what makes up lactose
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galactose and glucose
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what makes up sucrose
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fructose and glucose with alpha beta 1,2 glycosidic
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______ are composed of large numbers of monosacchararide units connectede by glycosidic linkages
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glycans
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what are two classes of oligosac
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N linked and O linked
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_____ are found in abundance in nature such as starch glycogen cellulose and chitin
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homoglycans
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what are several classes of GAG
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chondroitin sulfate
dermatan sulfate heparin keratan sulfate hyaluronic acid |
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where is chondroitin sulfate important
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cartilage
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where is keratan sulfate important
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cornea
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what are the translators of the sugar code
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lectins
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what carbs are important in joint cushioning
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GAG
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the reference carbon is always the ____ carbon
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pentultimate
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where do you insert the new C
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under the C=O
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alpha and beta denote ____
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anomers
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definition. an epimer of glucose needed to synthesize lactose, glycolipids, certain phospholipids, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
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galactose
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is sucrose a reducing sugar
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no
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in glycogen, the ends of branches are (reducing or non?)
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non
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N acetyle glucosame beta (1,4) unbranched is
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chitin
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what are the principal components of proteoglycans
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GAG they have lots of negative charges and thus attract lots of water
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defnition. proteins covalently linked to carbs
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glycoproteins
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what inhibits hexokinase
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glucose 6 P
ATP |
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what inhibits PFK1
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citrate
ATP |
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what activated PFK1
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AMP
F2,6 BP |
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what inhibits pyruvate kinase
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acetyl CoA
ATP |
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what activates PK
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F16BP
AMP |
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what are the enzyems for gluconeogenesis
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pyruvate carboxykinase and CO2
PEP carboxykinase lose CO2 Fructose bisphosphate phosphatase and H20 G6Phophatase |
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when is GTP used in gluconeogensis
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OAA to PEP
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whhen is NAD+ used in gluconeogenesis
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pyruvate to OAA
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what promotes gluconeogenesis
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acetyl CoA
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what molecules go between PPP and glycolysis
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G6P
ribose 5 P Glyceraldehyde 3P fructose 6 P |
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what enzymes are needed to make glycogen
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glycogen synthase
branching enzyme |
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how do you break glycogen down
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amylo alpha 1 6 glucosidase
and again with water |
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how is glycogen regulated
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several hormones
insulin glucagon epinephrine allosteric regulators |
