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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ketones
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-Thiolase
-HMG-CoA synthase -HMG-CoA lyase -Acetoacetate dearboxylase or -Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase -------Only made wehn CAC is stopped and Acetyl CoA is building up -------Can be converted back up same intermediates to Acetyl-CoA are not oxidized in the liver |
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Propionate to Succinyl CoA
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3 carbon
-Carboxylase -Methyl malonyl CoA racemase -Methyl malonyl CoA mutase ----B12 |
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Pathways turned on by
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-ADP
-AMP -NAD+ |
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Pathways turned off by
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-ATP
-NADH |
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Cyanide
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Blocks complex 4
-everything up to there reduced -nothing pumped through because nothing to oxidize |
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Uncouplers
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No gradient
--no ATP --no O2 lets heat off (adipose) |
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oligomycin
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inhibits ATP synthesis
-no ATP -O2 consumed |
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ionophore
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no ATP
O2 consumed |
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retenon
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inhibits complex 1
-no ATP -O2 not consumed |
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Antimycin
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inhibits complex 3
-everything 'backs' up -nothing made/consumed |
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Glutathione
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GSSG (reduced)
-gets rid of hydrogen peroxide -recycled by glutathione reductase ---------NADPH --> NADP+ |
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Glucose 6P dehydrogenase
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NADP+ --> NADPH
--if problem, unhealthy RBC |
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PPP
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in cytosol
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Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase
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makes NADPH in mitochrondria (becuase no PPP)
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Brached FA
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-can't get into mito
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Conjugated FA
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have to be reduced with NADPH-->NAPD
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Unsaturated FA
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-Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (FAD)
------has to be trans (isomerase to made trans) -enoyl-CoA hydratase -dehydrogenase (NADH) -thiolase (input CoASH) approx 4ATP for every Acetyl CoA formed 9 ATP for every pass around the CAC Branched the same except cleaved to the 3 carbon (propionly carbon) |
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Carnitine acyl transferase I
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-Acyl CoA + carnitine in the cytoplasm
-enterance through the shuttle is the rate limiting step FA > 12 Carbons have to undergo transport, those 12 or less diffuse |
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Carnitine acyl transferase II
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-Acyl CoA liberated in the mitochondria
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pyrophosphatase
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cleaves PP
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Acyl-CoA Synthetase
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puts the the CoA onto a lipid
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hydroxyl radical
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not dangerous
-damages lipids and DNA proteins |
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respiratory burst
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HOCl to kill bacteria
can lead to OH however |
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Glycerol 3P Shuttle
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Cytosolic NADH = 1.5 ATP
-comes in at complex 3 through Q from glycerol 3P --> dihydroxyacetone phosphate ------by dehydrogenase |
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Ubiquinone (Q)
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carries electrons between Complex one, two, and the cytosol shuttle
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ETC
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-no energy is used to make ATP
-energy to push ATP out of active site (about 4H+ to yeild one ATP) NADH = 2.5 ATP (10 H+) FADH2 = 1.5 ATP (6 H+) -------enter at complex 2 |
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oxidase
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O2 is the electron acceptor but O atoms are not in product
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oxygenase
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O is directly incorporated
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phosphate translocase
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inorganic P against gradient by H+ gradient
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ATP synthase
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H+ to the matrix from mitochondria
can be driven by charge difference (low [H+] and high pH) |
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malate-aspartate shuttle
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cytosolic NADH = 2.5 ATP
goes into complex one |
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Calvin cycle
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plants use FA for glucose
RUBISCO rate limiting enzyme |
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PPP
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regulated at glucose 6P
---NADP --> NADPH with Mg and a degydrogenase to lactone eventually to ribose 5P |
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transketolase
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in the PPP
transfers the top two carbons no energy to regernerate into glucose or fructose 6P |
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transaldolase
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in the PPP
transfers the top three carbons no energy to regernerate into glucose or fructose 6P |
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increasing beta oxidation
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increases ketone body formation
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Cholesterol Synthesis
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HMG-CoA Synthase
HMG-CoA reductase to mevalonate C5 -- C10 -- C15 -- C30 -- steriod |
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HMG-CoA reductase
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regulated step
denatured by cholesterol cholesterol also destablizes the mRNA phosphorylated by insulin |
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ceramide
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makes shpingomyelin
makes glycoshingolipids and gangliosides |
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surfactant
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comes from alveolar type II cells
makes a monolayer inside the alveolar sac to make sure they stay open and interfer with h bonding |
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Statin class of drugs
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inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
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malic enzyme
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produces NADPH and pyruvate
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lipoprotein lipase
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clips of albumin
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glucocorticoids
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inhitbit PEPCK in the adipose tissue which makes less TAGs
increase in PEPCK in the liver so not as mush pyruvate is made and make ketones for energy |
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glyceroneogenesis
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controls the rate of FA released to blood
lower glyceroneogenesis = more free fatty acids because less TAG PEP carboxylase major regulation Pyruvate --> TAG synthesis |
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Palmitate
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16:0
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Stearate
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(18:0)
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Palmitoleate
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16:1
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Oleate
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18:1
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Linoleate
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18:2
plants are the only ones who make so is essentail FA same with alpha linoleate (18:3) |
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Arachidonate
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(20:4)
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Synthesis FA
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desaturation (NAPDH -- NADP)
Elongation desaturation |
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Arachidonate
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to leukotriens
--- with lipoxygenases |
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PGH2
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Synthesized with COX 1,2,3 and GSH
pain relievers block COX enzymes |
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Citrate transporter
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gets the acetyl-CoA into the cytosol from the matrix
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citrate lyase
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frees acetyl-CoA into the cytosol for FA synthesis
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malonyl CoA
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Biotin carrier
--- uses actyle CoA (biotin) carboxylase with ATP - ADP --- next an input of acetyl-CoA with a transcarboxylase --inhibits carnitine acyl transferase I because you don't wnat pieces being shipped into matrix for breakdown |
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FA synthase complex
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puts acetyl CoA on first
next the malonyl CoA ---both free up CoASH added in 2 units with a loss of CO2 each time until Palmitate condensation (CO2 leaves) reduction (NADPH - NADP) dehydration (H2O leaves) reduction (NADPH - NADP) translocation and ready for the next malonyl CoA |
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thioesterase
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the enzyme that clips off FA in shorter chains than palmitate in mammary glands
---regulated by hormones |
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high insulin
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makes acetyl CoA
which upregulates acetyl CoA carboxylase which makes more free fatty acids which makes more TAGs for storage |
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citrate
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shows cells have energy
activates acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Acetyl CoA carboxylase
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major control of FA synthesis
glucagon and epinephrine inhibit (phosphorylation = inactivation) palmitoyl CoA allostericall inhibits this enzyme |
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albumin
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carries FA and glycerol
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TAGs
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dihydroxyacetone (liver and adipose) (NADH - NAD) to glycerol 3P
gylcerol by gylcerol kinase (liver) (ATP-ADP) to glycerol 3P |
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glycerol 3P
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acyl transferases to add FA onto carbons 1 and 2 with freeing of CoASH
(FA synthisized by the FA synthase complex and CoASH added by and acyl CoA synthetase) makes diacylglycerol 3P (phosphatidic acid) |
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phosphatidic acid
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phosphate taken off by a phosphatase and 1,2 diacylglycerol forms
another FA-CoAsh added with freeing of the CoASH |
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TAGs synthesized in
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the cytosol in the liver (smooth ER)
then packages and sent as VLDL |
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ceramide
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precusor to all othe sphingolipids
usually 20-22 c long acts as an antifreeze and helps in embryo development |
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LDL
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cholesterol inhibits LDL receptos
(these bind and loose cholestorol to the cell) |
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exo-gylcosidase
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enzymes that cleave sugars off of the ceramide-sphingolipid structures
problems in cleaving the beta links |
