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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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only the liver can maintain BG via what enzyme?
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glucose-6-phosphatase
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vagus nerve to beta cell uses what?
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insulin
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insulin inhibits
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glycogenolysis and glucogenesis
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increase in insulin
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increases insulin uptake
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increase in insulin decreases?
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lypolysis
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amino acid uptake into cells is stimuated by?
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insulin
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glucagon would be secreted when, ---- is increased?
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insulin
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glucagon is released when a person is ?
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hypoglycemia
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increase of glucagon- CHO
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incease BG
increase glycogenolysis in liver increase of gluconeogenesis in liver inhibits glycogen synthesis in liver no effect on muscle no receptors for glucagon |
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Increase in glucagon- lipid
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stimutates fatty acid oxidation in liver
stimulates lypolysis in adipose tissue inhibtis TAG synthesis |
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increase of glucagon- protein
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increase in the uptake in amino acids
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anabolic, promotes growth, storage of fuels, inhibits fuel mobilization
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insulin
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maintains fuel availability when dietary glucose is low-glucogenolysis, glucogenesis, and lipolysis
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glucagon
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integrated control of CHO, lipid, and protein metabolism
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opposing action of insulin and glucagon
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The goal of metabolism
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to produce ATP, reducing power (NADPH), building blocks
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occurs in the cytosol
2 ATP, 2 NADH, pyruvate control site-phosphofructokinase 1 stimulated by fructose-2,6 bis P, AMP inhibited by ATP, citrate |
glycolysis
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occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
forms GTP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 final common pathway for catabolism of CHO, lipid, protein provides intermediates for biosynthesis-amphibolic regulated by the need for ATP |
TCA
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both mitochondriol and cytsol
liver and kidney produces glucose->blood controlled reciprocally stimulated by acetyl CoA via pyruvate carboxylase |
glyconeogeneis
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cytosol-> NADPH and ribose 5P for biosynthesis of nucleic acids
control site is glucose-6-P DHSE stimulated by NADP+, ie the need for NADPH link to glycolysis via fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P |
PPP
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cytosol-different pathways for glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
controlled by the need for glucose vs. storage of glucsoe as glycogen phosphorylase and the synthase-reciprocally regulated phophorylation/dephosphorylation response to hormones |
glycogen synthase/ breakdown
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oxidition-mitochondria-> acetyl-CoA
synthesis-cytosol-acetyl-CoA->fatty acids reciprocal regulation oxidation regulated by the need for ATP when gluose is short-hormones synthesis-regulated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase-when glucose is abundant |
fatty acid synthesis/ oxidation
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3 important metabolite crossroads
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Glucose-6-P
Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA |
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excess glucose in fed state-> TAG in adipose and liver
fatty acid and G3P from glucose lipogenesis is controlled by the increase in insulin-> activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase->malonyl CoA-> inhibition of Beta oxidation animals cannot-acetyl CoA->glucose |
glucose- fatty acid cycle
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absorbative phase (postprandial) lasts 4-6 hours
increase in blood glucose concentration increase in the uptake of glucose by the liver, muscle, and adiposcytes all tissues use glucose |
glucose-homeostatis phase
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lasts about 16 hours absorbed glucose is used up
liver glycogenolysis and some TAG lipolysis start of liver gluconeogenesis all tissues except the liver-still using glucose fatty acid oxidation |
post-absorbative
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after 3-6 days
both liver and kidney gluconeogenesis needed to maintain BG large increase in fatty acid and glycerol release from adipocytes limited OAA, increase in ketone bodies in blood only brain, RBC, renal medulla are using glucose |
intermediate starvation
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more than 7 days
priortiy-to supply glucose to the RBC and brain renal gluconeogenesis increase up to 40% brain uses ketone bodies (30 days) to supplement glucose muscle wasting-> amino acids Ketoacidiosis |
late starvation
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