Biochem Final

Front 1

name the six roles of lipids

Back 1

cofactors, pigments, signaling molecules, hydrophobic anchors for proteins, chaperones, emulsifing agents in the digestive tract

Front 2

T or F fatty acids are conjugated

Back 2

false

Front 3

where do double bond occur in monounstaturated and polyunsaturatedd fatty acids

Back 3

mono=9-10
ploly=12-15

Front 4

name three chemistry facts about fatty acids

Back 4

even number of carbons
usually linear
low oxidation state

Front 5

what influences melting points of fatty acids

Back 5

chain length and degree of unsaturation
CL=longer chains means higher meltingT
DOU= less double bonds mean higher melting temp

Front 6

What is the solubilty of Fatty acids

Back 6

low water solubility
high organic solvent solubilty (benzene)
longer the chain length means lower solublity

Front 7

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of C12-C24 are characterized by what at room temp

Back 7

saturated=waxy
unstaturated=oily

Front 8

how are most fatty acids found in blood plasma

Back 8

as an ester or amide derivative that are less soluble then a FFA

Front 9

what is the common name of a 16 carbon saturated fatty acid

Back 9

palmitic acid

Front 10

what is the common name of a 18 carbon saturated fatty acid

Back 10

stearic acid

Front 11

what is the common name of an 18 carbon unsaturated fatty acid

Back 11

oleic acid

Front 12

what is the common name of a 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (9,12)

Back 12

linoleic acid

Front 13

what is the common name of a 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (9,12,15)

Back 13

alpha linoleic acid

Front 14

what is the common name of a 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid

Back 14

arachidonic acid

Front 15

what types of fatty acids are found in membranes typically sat/unsat

Back 15

both

Front 16

what is the major storage lipid

Back 16

triaclyglycerol

Front 17

what is a triacylglycerol

Back 17

three fatty acids joined to a glycerol backbone

Front 18

what is the simplest lipid made from fatty acids

Back 18

triacylglycerol

Front 19

what is an example of mixed and simple fatty acids

Back 19

mixed=2 or more diff FA
simple=all the same kind of FA

Front 20

what type of linkage is used in triacylglycerols

Back 20

ester linkages

Front 21

what are 3 unique properties of triacylglycerols

Back 21

1. less polar then substituents
2. lower density than water (float)
3. separate as droplets in cells ( E depot)

Front 22

why are fats not easily retreivable

Back 22

insoluble in water

Front 23

what is the main way to separate lipids

Back 23

organic solvent extractions

Front 24

what is a good way to analyse the structure of a fatty acid

Back 24

mass spectroscopy

Front 25

what are the two components of a biological wax and how are they joined

Back 25

fatty acid chain is joined to a long chain alcohol through ester bonds

Front 26

how do waxes and triacylglycerides differ in melting temp

Back 26

waxes are higher about 60-100 higher

Front 27

what are waxes used for in nature

Back 27

metabolic fuel (plankton)
water proofing

Front 28

what are waxes used for in the real world

Back 28

lotions, ointments, polishes and dental molds

Front 29

what are the six types of structural lipids in membranes

Back 29

phospholipids
glycolipids
choleterol
ether lipids
chloroplast membrane lipids
archaebacterial ...... lipids

Front 30

what is a plasmalogen
(platlet activating factor)

Back 30

similiar to a phospholipid but contains an ether linkage
these are resistant to damage from oxygen free radicals

Front 31

what are two types of phospholipids

Back 31

glycerolphospholipid
sphengomyelin

Front 32

in a glycerolphospholipid what is the usual number of carbons of the two fatty acid chains at c1 and c2

Back 32

c1=16-18 (saturated)
c2=18-20 (unsaturated)

Front 33

what is unique about C2 in glycerolphospholipids

Back 33

it is chiral

Front 34

what is a lysophospholipid

Back 34

a glycerolphospholipid missing one fatty acid chain

Front 35

what is a diacylglycerol

Back 35

glycerolphospholipid missing the phosphate containing head group

Front 36

what is an ether lipid

Back 36

same as a glycerolphospholipid but one of the FA chains is joined be an ether rather than an ester

Front 37

what are the names and net charges of the six typical head groups that we studied

Back 37

1. Ethanolamine 0
2. choline 0
3. serine -1
4. glycerol -1
5. inosital 4,5 bisphosphate -4
6. phophotidylglycerol -2

Front 38

what is sphingosine

Back 38

a long chain amino alcohol used in the backbone of sphingolipids

Front 39

what is cereaminde

Back 39

similiar to diacylglycerol

a sphengolipid missing the phosphate containing head group

Front 40

what is a sphengomyelin

Back 40

a sphengolipid with a choline as the head group

Front 41

what is a ganglioside

Back 41

a sphengolipid with a complex oligosaccaride containing a negetively charged sialic acid

Front 42

how are glycolipids and sphingolipids related

Back 42

glycolipids are shingolipids with sugars as the head groups

Front 43

what is a cerebroside

Back 43

a glycolipid with only 1 sugar as the head group

Front 44

what is a globoside

Back 44

a glycolipid containing a multistranded sugar chain as the head group

Front 45

what are the diseases resulting from impaired membrane sphengolipid degradation

Back 45

Tay-Sacs
Sandhoff's
Fabry's
Goucher's
Niemann-Pick

Front 46

as lipids go from the individual state to clusters to micelles what is the result in entropy terms

Back 46

increases as the lipids become more ordered

Front 47

what is a liposome used for

Back 47

for drug delivery

Front 48

what are the three non-covalent forces that hold lipid bilayers together

Back 48

van der waals between side chains
electrostatic between polar heads
hydrogen binding between polar heads

Front 49

what are three structural characteristics of a lipid bilayer

Back 49

flexible
self-sealing
impermeable to charged molecules

Front 50

what is another name for transverse diffusion

Back 50

flip flop

Front 51

what is the enzyme that catalyses transverse diffusion

Back 51

flippase

Front 52

what is the enzyme that flips phospolipids to the outside of the membrane to signal apoptosis

Back 52

scramblase

Front 53

what types of fatty acid chains favor the paracrystalline state for the lipid bilayer

Back 53

long saturated fatty acid chains

Front 54

what types of fatty acid chains favor the fluid state for the lipid bilayer

Back 54

short unsaturated fatty acid chains

Front 55

In the lipid bilayer what are the effects of short unsaturated fatty acid chains on viscosity and transition temp

Back 55

they decrease viscosity and decrease transition temp

Front 56

T or F cholestrol is amphipathic

Back 56

T

Front 57

T or F the nucleus of cholesterol is planar and flexable

Back 57

F planar and rigid

Front 58

T or F the alkyl group at C17 of cholesterol is rigid

Back 58

F it is flexable

Front 59

where is cholesterol inserted in the lipid bilayer

Back 59

between glycolipids and phosopholipids

Front 60

what is the result of having a cholesterol inserted into a lipid bilayer

Back 60

decreases transitional temp increases viscosity and fattens the membrane

Front 61

what phospolipid does scramblase act on

Back 61

phosphotidylserine

Front 62

what are the three main phospholipids on the outer monolayer of the lipid bilayer

Back 62

phosphotidylethanolamide
phosphotidylcholine
sphingomyelin ( glycolipids )

Front 63

what serves as a precursor for membrane synthesis with sphingolipid derivitives

Back 63

ceramide

Front 64

Why are sphingolipids more concentrated on the outer monolayer

Back 64

the mode of synthesis, the head groups are attached to ceramide in the lumen of the golgi. inside of the golgi ends up on the outer surface

Front 65

what defines a plasmologen

Back 65

an ether lined alkene at C1 and a choline at C3

Front 66

what are the physiological responses that platelet-activating factor elicits

Back 66

platlet aggregation
inflamation
allergic responses

Front 67

what defines a platlet activating factor

Back 67

similar to plasmologen

C1=ether linked alkane
C2=acetyl ester (very water soluble)
C3=choline

Front 68

What is unusual about archeabacteria membranes

Back 68

the lipids involved span the width of the whole membrane and contain ether linkages at both ends that are resistant to hydrolyses at low Ph and high temp

Front 69

what is a another scientific name for blood group antigens

Back 69

ceramide based glycolipids

Front 70

what are the pathogenic responses the lipopolysaccarides is involved with

Back 70

TSS, sepsis, ARDS, multiple organ failure syndrome

Front 71

where are lipopolysaccarides located

Back 71

the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, good targets for antibodies

Front 72

what is about the average protein content for a lipid bilayer

Back 72

about 50%

Front 73

what are the agents that can remove a peripheral protein from the membrane

Back 73

high salt
change in Ph
chelating agent
urea
CO32-

Front 74

what are the agents that can remove a integral protein from the membrane

Back 74

detergent

same as bile salts

Front 75

how are integral proteins and peripheral proteins connected

Back 75

protein to protein non-covalent interacitions

Front 76

How is the oreintation of an integral protien determined

Back 76

by the primary sequence of the amino acid

Front 77

what is the purpose of having multiple helices of protein in the plane of the membrane

Back 77

they can have fuctions such as enzymes, transport, or signaling

Front 78

what is bacteriorhodopsin

Back 78

7 pass transmembrane protein, typical of the G protein family

Front 79

what does a hydropathy plot predict

Back 79

the transmembrane alpha-helical domains (wether or not phobic or philic)

not affective with Beta barrel structures

Front 80

how many amino acid are required to span the hydrophobic interior of a lipid bilayer

Back 80

about 20

around 23 if cholesterol is involved

Front 81

what is the function of a Beta barrel

Back 81

they are transmembrane domains

Front 82

what is a beta barrel

Back 82

20 or more transmembrane segments form beta sheet to line a cylinder this complex is the beta barrel

Front 83

what type of bond anchors protiens to lipids

Back 83

covalent

Front 84

when an internal cysteine or ser group of a protien is added to a palmitoyl group is it done posttranslationally or cotranlationally

Back 84

postransitlationally

Front 85

when an amino terminal glycine group of a protien is added to a N-Myristoyl group is it done posttranslationally or cotranlationally

Back 85

cotranslationally

Front 86

why is carboxyterminal binding of cysteine to farnesyl important in cancer research

Back 86

this complex is important in GTP binding

Front 87

In N-linked oligosaccarides what is the molecule that the oligosaccarides are formed on before being added Asn

Back 87

dolichol

Front 88

In N-linked Oligo's after the sugars are added to the Asn what is added and what is removed and where does this take place

Back 88

mannose is removed and new sugars and sialic acid is put on. done in the golgi

Front 89

how are O-linked oligo's formed and where

Back 89

stepwise directly added to Ser/Thr. all done in the golgi

Front 90

what is the main glycoprotein in RBC's

Back 90

glycophorin

Front 91

what is a glycophorin

Back 91

single pass transmembrane glygoprotein for RBC's

Front 92

where does conventional glycosylation occur

Back 92

the plasma membrane, secretory, lysosomal proteins

Front 93

where does complex carbohydrate N and O linked take place

Back 93

N=ER then modified in the golgi
O=Golgi

these both end up on the outside of the membrane they join.

Front 94

what is a proteoglycan

Back 94

a GAG chain attached to Ser of a Gly-X-Gly sequence of core protein by a trisaccharide bridge.

Front 95

what is the main site of biological activity in a proteoglycan

Back 95

the GAG chain

this is also the major bulk of the proteoglycan

Front 96

what is the main component of cartilage and connective tissue

Back 96

proteoglycan