Biochem Exam 3 - Dr. Banschbach

Front 1

What is the RDA for glucose?

Back 1

130 grams per day

Front 2

What two monosaccharides are epimers of glucose?

Back 2

Galactose and Mannose

Front 3

What kind of bond is formed when fructose switches from a linear structure to a ring structure?

Back 3

Hemiketal

Front 4

What food has the highest glycemic index?

Back 4

Instant oatmeal

Front 5

What monosaccharide produces the strongest sweetness response in our tongue?

Back 5

Fructose

Front 6

What hormone gets pancreatic acinar cells to synthesize and release alpha-amylase?

Back 6

CCK

Front 7

What three fatty acids get produced by human gut bacteria when they digest dietary?

Back 7

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

Front 8

What country was the first to provide its citizens with information on the glycemic index of food and beverages?

Back 8

Australia

Front 9

What factors affect the glycemic index of starch?

Back 9

Processing and cooking both impact how quickly starch is digested and absorbed.
- cooked vs. uncooked
- processed vs. unprocessed
- amylose vs. amylopectin
- cooking time
- cooking method

Front 10

What is glucose?
Where does it come from?

Back 10

Blood sugar
From a monosaccharide

Front 11

Why is glucose listed as an essential nutrient?

Back 11

Because our brain burns about 120 grams of it each day

Front 12

What two tissues burn about 2/3 of the glucose we ingest each day?

Back 12

Brain and Muscle

Front 13

What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?

Back 13

Lactic Acid

Front 14

When is a human going to start having problems (due to glucose)?

Back 14

At 60, when the blood sugar (symptoms of hypoglycemia) get down to 60 mg/dl.

Front 15

Know the cells that can only use glucose as a source of energy

Back 15

RBCs, WBCs, Rena Medulla, Retina, Lens, Peripheral Nerves, Testes, Sperm cells, Placenta, and Fetus.
It is a critical source of energy in the pancreatic BETA CELLS and the BRAIN

Front 16

What glucose transporter is often called the Insulin-Dependent Glucose Transporter?

Back 16

GLUT4

Front 17

How do we trap glucose in cells?
Where?
What is used?
What is used in most other cells?
What is needed to get it back out of the cell?

Back 17

Put phosphate on it (add phosphate)
In the liver and alpha beta cells of the pancreas
Glucokinase is used
Hexokinase is used
Needs G6P to take phosphate off

Front 18

What can a cell do with glucose once it traps it?

Back 18

1. Take the phosphate off and send it back out
2. Use it to form glycogen
3. Use it to form complex carbohydrates other than glycogen
4. Burn it (glycolysis)
5. Send it through the pentose phosphate pathway
(all of the above are correct: rank them according to how likely any given cell is to use these 5 things to glucose)

Front 19

When the CDC draws blood from 36,000 randomly selected healthy Americans they find a confirmed thiamin deficiency in 18% of the blood samples.
What disease which results in death is caused by a thiamin deficiency?

Back 19

Beriberi

Front 20

If you drink a soda that contains high fructose corn syrup with a meal, where is most of the fructose going to go to?

Back 20

Used to form Triglycerides

Front 21

Why is high fructose corn syrup worse than sugar?

Back 21

1. Fructose reacts with protein 7 times faster than glucose
2. Fructose does not suppress appetite like glucose does
3. Fructose does not get leptin released from adipose tissue to tell your brain to stop eating
4. Bypasses the rate-limiting step in Glycolysis

Front 22

Why did Al Martini develop Hemolytic Anemia?

Back 22

Sulfamethoxazole

Front 23

What three enzymes in Glycolysis have to be reversed for Gluconeogenesis to occur?

Back 23

Glucokinase
Pyruvate Kinase
Phosphofructokinase

Front 24

How do we bypass Pyruvate Kinase so that we can form glucose in the liver?

Back 24

Use Pyruvate Carboxylase and PEP Carboxykinase

Front 25

Which of these amino acids CANNOT be used to form glucose?

Back 25

Leucine

Front 26

What inhibits Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) while stimulating Fructose 1,6-bisphophatase?

Back 26

Citrate 2,6-BP

Front 27

LECTURE #6 SLIDES TO KNOW

Back 27

Slide #24 - know the rate limiting enzyme that controls the whole thing (for Glycolysis = PFK and for Gluconeogenesis = Pyruvate Carboxylase)
Slide #31

Front 28

LECTURE #7 SLIDES TO KNOW

Back 28

It is good to know how we put glycogen together.
Phosphofructokinase (regulation/control)
Slides #7 key point - liver prefers AA and brain wants med. chain
#15 (alpha1,4, alpha1,6 bond for glycogen - lasts for 4-6 hours on Atkins, 6-12 average, 12-24 high carb in liver)
#25, 27 (CORTISOL!), 38, 50 (4 hormones do), 53-56, 75

Front 29

Glycogenolysis enzymes

Back 29

1. Phosphorylase = RATE LIMITING STEP!
2. Transferase
3. Debranching - cut alpha1,6 and has 2 activities (alpha1,6 glucosidase and transferase)
4. Phosphoglucomutase: G1P-G6P
5. G6P: liver, kidney, gut (makes vesicles - DOES NOT NEED A TRANSPORTER!)

Front 30

Where does Glycolysis occur?

Back 30

In the cytosol

Front 31

Rate Limiting Steps/Enxymes (HE LOVES THESE!!!!!)
In Glycolysis?
What step do pancreatic alpha and beta cells use as the RLS in Glycolysis?
In Gluconeogenesis?

Back 31

PFK
Glucokinase
Pyruvate Carboxylase

Front 32

Which Gluconeogenesis substrate is most easily convertible to glucose and what is its glycemic index?

Back 32

Mannose
GI = 37

Front 33

Nona Melos

Back 33

7 month old girl, GI distress w/ fruit juice
CSID (Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency)
1 in 5000 autosomal recessive
Greenland & Canadian Inuit - 10%
severity - depends on amount
symptoms: diarrhea (pH<6), increased breath H+ >10ppm, negative lactose breath test
Jejunal biopsy - to confirm
Girl did not have CSID - possible fructose transporter defect
Does not involve GLUT5 gene defect

Front 34

What is the normal serum glucose level for adults?
Diabetics?
Dogs?
Cats?

Back 34

64-110 mg/dl
over 126 mg/dl
60-120 mg/dl
75-150 mg/dl

Front 35

Caloric Homeostasis
Lecture 7 - Slide 7

Back 35

Front 36

Structure of Glycogen
Lecture 7 - Slide 15

Back 36

Front 37

Causes of Hypoglycemia
Lecture 7 - Slide 25

Back 37

Front 38

Hormones that Regulate Glycogen Breakdown
Lecture 7 - Slide 27

Back 38

Front 39

Insulin Control
Lecture 7 - Slide 38

Back 39

Front 40

Phosphorylase
Lecture 7 - Slide 50

Back 40

Front 41

Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors
(1 of 2)
[Summary Slides]
Lecture 7 - Slide 53

Back 41

Front 42

Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors
(2 of 2)
[Summary Slides]
Lecture 7 - Slide 54

Back 42

Front 43

Glycogen Phosphorylase Activators
(2 of 2)
[Summary Slides]
Lecture 7 - Slide 56

Back 43

Front 44

Where is GLUT1 located?

Back 44

RBC
Brain
Muscle
Fat
Heart

Front 45

Where is GLUT2 located?

Back 45

Liver
Pancreas
Small Intestine

Front 46

Where is GLUT3 located?

Back 46

Neurons
WBC
Platelets

Front 47

Where is GLUT4 located?

Back 47

Muscle
Fat
Heart

Front 48

Where is GLUT5 located?

Back 48

Intestine
Muscle
Testis