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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Ingestion of methanol
visual disturbances, bradycardia, coma, and seizures
how are carbohydrates classified
carbonyl group (ado or keto); number of carbons (pentose or hexose); positions of hydroxyl groups (D or L); substituents (amino sugars); number of monosaccrides joined
fatty acids are esterified to glycerol to make…
triacylglycerols or phosphoacylglycerols
glycolipid
sugars attached to a lipid hydroxyl group
What causes the sweet smell of a patient in ketoacidosis
acetone
"-ate" denotes what kind of charge
negative
glucose and frucose classifications
aldohexose and ketohexose
D and L designation
position of hydroxyl group farthest from carbonyl carbon (D is Right - majority of sugars in humans)
Calculating number of sterioisomers
2^n
orientation of hydroxyl groups in glucose
From carbonyl down: R-L-R-R
Another name for D-glucose
dextrose
uronic acid
carbon contining the terminal hydroxyl group in a sugar is oxidized
polyol
aldehyde in sugar is reduced
deoxysugar
onw of hydroxyl groups in sugar is reduced
glycosaminoglycans
repeating disacchride units containing oxidized sugars
glycosidic bond
jydroxyl group on anomeric carbon of a monosaccride reacts with an -OH or -NH group of another compound (like in ATP - adenosine plus sugar ribose)
disaccride
two monosaccrides joined by an O-glycosidic bond (lactose is galactose and glucose)
Amylopectin and glycogen
branches polymers of glucosyl residues linked through alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 bonds
usual configuration of fatty acids
straight aliphatic chains with a methyl group at one end (w-carbon) and a carboxyl group at the other end
length of most fatty acids in human
16-20 (ususally an even number)
palmitic acid
16 carbon fatty acid
stearic acid
18 carbon saturated fatty acid
melting point of fatty acids
increases with chain length, decreases with degree of saturation
18:1 (9)
oleic acid; 18 carbons, 1 double bond between carbons 9 and 10 (w9 fatty acid)
eicosanoids
derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that contain 20 carbons (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)
configuration of most naturally occuring fatty acids
cis
acylglycerol
glycerol with one or more fatty acids (actl group attached through ester linkages)
phosphoacylglycerols
contain fatty acids esterified to positions 1 and 2 of glycerol and a phosphate to carbon 3 (phosphatidic is o
phosphatidylcholine
major phosphoacylglycerol found in membranes; amphipathic (also called lecithin)
lyso-lipid
removal of fatty acyl group from a phosphoacyl glycerol
sphingolipids
derived from sphingosine (from serine and palmitate); no glycerol backbone
sphingomyelin
contains a phosphochlorine group attached to ceramide; is a component of cell membranes and the myelin sheath around neurons
steroids
4 ringed structure; cholesterol is precursor
cholesterol
synthesized from branches 5 carbon units with one double bond (isoprenyl unit)
amino acids
amino group and carboxylic acid; in proteins, amino group attached to alpha carbon in L configuration
nucleoside
nitrogenous base joined to a sugar through glycosidic bond
nucleotide
nucleoside plus phospate groups attached to sugar
Cause of Gout
monosodium urate crystals deposited in joints; uric acid dissociates at pH 7.4 to form urate which is not water soluble
superoxide
radical produced in cell (O2-)
uric acid
urinary excretion product from the oxidation of purines (adenine and guanine)
predominant ketone body present in the blood with DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)
B-hydrobutyrate, which is NOT a ketone!
DDT
used as pesticide, poorly biodegraded and stored in fat of animals
CDDs (chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
realeased during industrial processes; similar concerns like DDT