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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ingestion of methanol
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visual disturbances, bradycardia, coma, and seizures
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how are carbohydrates classified
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carbonyl group (ado or keto); number of carbons (pentose or hexose); positions of hydroxyl groups (D or L); substituents (amino sugars); number of monosaccrides joined
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fatty acids are esterified to glycerol to make…
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triacylglycerols or phosphoacylglycerols
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glycolipid
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sugars attached to a lipid hydroxyl group
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What causes the sweet smell of a patient in ketoacidosis
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acetone
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"-ate" denotes what kind of charge
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negative
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glucose and frucose classifications
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aldohexose and ketohexose
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D and L designation
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position of hydroxyl group farthest from carbonyl carbon (D is Right - majority of sugars in humans)
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Calculating number of sterioisomers
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2^n
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orientation of hydroxyl groups in glucose
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From carbonyl down: R-L-R-R
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Another name for D-glucose
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dextrose
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uronic acid
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carbon contining the terminal hydroxyl group in a sugar is oxidized
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polyol
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aldehyde in sugar is reduced
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deoxysugar
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onw of hydroxyl groups in sugar is reduced
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glycosaminoglycans
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repeating disacchride units containing oxidized sugars
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glycosidic bond
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jydroxyl group on anomeric carbon of a monosaccride reacts with an -OH or -NH group of another compound (like in ATP - adenosine plus sugar ribose)
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disaccride
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two monosaccrides joined by an O-glycosidic bond (lactose is galactose and glucose)
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Amylopectin and glycogen
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branches polymers of glucosyl residues linked through alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 bonds
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usual configuration of fatty acids
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straight aliphatic chains with a methyl group at one end (w-carbon) and a carboxyl group at the other end
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length of most fatty acids in human
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16-20 (ususally an even number)
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palmitic acid
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16 carbon fatty acid
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stearic acid
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18 carbon saturated fatty acid
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melting point of fatty acids
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increases with chain length, decreases with degree of saturation
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18:1 (9)
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oleic acid; 18 carbons, 1 double bond between carbons 9 and 10 (w9 fatty acid)
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eicosanoids
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derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that contain 20 carbons (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)
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configuration of most naturally occuring fatty acids
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cis
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acylglycerol
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glycerol with one or more fatty acids (actl group attached through ester linkages)
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phosphoacylglycerols
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contain fatty acids esterified to positions 1 and 2 of glycerol and a phosphate to carbon 3 (phosphatidic is o
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phosphatidylcholine
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major phosphoacylglycerol found in membranes; amphipathic (also called lecithin)
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lyso-lipid
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removal of fatty acyl group from a phosphoacyl glycerol
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sphingolipids
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derived from sphingosine (from serine and palmitate); no glycerol backbone
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sphingomyelin
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contains a phosphochlorine group attached to ceramide; is a component of cell membranes and the myelin sheath around neurons
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steroids
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4 ringed structure; cholesterol is precursor
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cholesterol
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synthesized from branches 5 carbon units with one double bond (isoprenyl unit)
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amino acids
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amino group and carboxylic acid; in proteins, amino group attached to alpha carbon in L configuration
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nucleoside
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nitrogenous base joined to a sugar through glycosidic bond
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nucleotide
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nucleoside plus phospate groups attached to sugar
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Cause of Gout
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monosodium urate crystals deposited in joints; uric acid dissociates at pH 7.4 to form urate which is not water soluble
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superoxide
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radical produced in cell (O2-)
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uric acid
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urinary excretion product from the oxidation of purines (adenine and guanine)
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predominant ketone body present in the blood with DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)
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B-hydrobutyrate, which is NOT a ketone!
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DDT
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used as pesticide, poorly biodegraded and stored in fat of animals
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CDDs (chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
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realeased during industrial processes; similar concerns like DDT
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