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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biomolecules
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molecules synthesized by living organisms
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macromolecules
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polymers made from multiple biomolecules
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enzymes
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biomolecular catalyts
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metabolism
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sum total of all the reactions in a living organism
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homeostasis
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capacity of living organisms to regulate metabolic processes despite variability in their internal and external environments
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genes
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molecules that store genetic information
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mutations
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sequence changes in genetic code
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prokaryotic cells
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cells that lack a nucleus
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eukaryotic cells
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cells that have a nucleus
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Bacteria
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domain of life containing all heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria
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Archea
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domain of life consisting of prokaryotic cells that are more similar to eukaryotic cells in terms of biochemistry. many are extremeophiles.
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extremeophiles
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organisms that can thrive in very challenging habitats
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extremozymes
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enzymes that work under noxious conditions
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bioremeditation
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process in which microorganisms are used to degrade or remove pollutants from toxic waste sites
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Eukarya
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domain of life consisting of all organisms with cells that contain a nucleus
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organelles
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subcellular compartments specialized to perform a specific task
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hydrocarbons
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carbon and hydrogen containing molecules that are hydrophobic
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hydrophobic
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insoluble in water
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functional groups
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a group of atoms that undergoes characteristic reactions when attached to a carbon atom in an organic molecule or biomolecule
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amino acids
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molecules that make up proteins
contain an amine and a carboxyl group |
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alpha-amino acid
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amino group is attached to the first carbon after the carboxyl group
R-group is also attached this the first carbon |
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R group
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side chain of an amino acid that influences most of the chemical properties of the specific acid
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hydrophillic
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dissolves easily in water
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neurotransmitters
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signal molecules released by nerve cells
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polypeptides
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longer complex polymers made up of amino acids
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peptides or oligopeptides
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molecules with up to 50 amino acids
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proteins
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longer polypeptides
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peptide bond
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amide linkages that form that link amino acids together
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sugars
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make up carbohydrates
contain alcohol and carbonyl groups |
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monosaccharides
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simple sugars
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polysaccharides
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carbohydrates that contain thousands of sugar units
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fatty acids
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monocarboxylic acids with an even number of carbons
used as energy sources |
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saturated fatty acid
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carbon chain contains no C=C double bonds
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unsaturated fatty acid
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carbon chain has one or more carbon double bonds
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lipid
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a diverse group of substances that are soluble in organic solvents but not soluble in water.
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nucleotides
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make up DNA and RNA nucleic acids
composed of a 5-C sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups |
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid polynucleotide
stores genetic information double stranded |
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antiparallel
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parallel strands that have opposite nucleotides
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purines
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bicyclic nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine
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pyramidines
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monocyclic nitrogenous bases thymine, cytosine, and uracil
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genome
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an organism's entire set of DNA base sequences
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid polynucleotide
used to convert genetic information to proteins single stranded |
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transcription
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process in which the DNA double helix partially unwinds allowing RNA to be synthesized
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autopoiesis
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a system that is autonomous, self-organizing, and self-maintaining
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primary functions of metabolism
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1. acquisition and utilization of energy
2. synthesis of molecules needed for cell structure and functioning 3. growth and development 4. removal of waste products |
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nucleophilic substitution reaction
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one atom or group is substituted for another
A: + B-X -> A-B + X: |
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nucleophile
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nucleus lover
normally anions or neutral possessing nonbonding electron pairs |
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electrophiles
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electron lovers
atoms deficient in electron density easily attacked by nucleophiles |
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leaving group
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rejected nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction
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hydrolysis
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nucleophilic substitution reactions in which the oxygen of a water molecule serves as the nucleophile
electrophile is usually the carbonyl carbon of an ester, amide, or anhydride |
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anhydride
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a molecule containing two carbonyl groups linked through an oxygen atom
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elimination reactions
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a double bond is formed when atoms in a molecule are removed
H H H H l l l l H-C-C-H -> H-C=C-H + (A+) + (B-) l l A B |
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addition reaction
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two molecules combine to form a single product
H H H H l l l l H-C=C-H + A-B -> H-C-C-H l l H H |
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hydration
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an addition reaction in which water is added to an alkene, forming an alcohol
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isomerization reaction
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atoms or groups undergo intramolecular shifts
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oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
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when there is a transfer of electrons from a donor to an electron acceptor
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reducing agent
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the electron donor in redox
becomes oxidized |
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oxidizing agent
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the electron acceptor in redox
becomes reduced |
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oxidized
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looses electrons
often seen to gain oxygen or loose hydrogen in redox |
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reduced
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gains electrons
often seen to lose oxygen or gain hydrogen the more electrons something has, the greater amount of energy it contains |
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energy
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the capacity to do work, to move matter
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autotrophs
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organisms that transform the energy of the sun or various chemicals into chemical bond energy
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photoautotrophs
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organisms that convert energy from the sun
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chemoautotrophs
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organisms that convert energy from chemicals
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heterotrophs
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organisms that obtain energy by degrading preformed food molecules obtained by consuming other organisms
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chemoheterotrophs
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use food as sole source of energy
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photoheterotrophs
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use both light and organic biomolecules as energy
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anabolic pathways
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biosynthetic metabolic pathways
large complex molecules are synthesized fro smaller precursors require input of energy |
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catabolic pathways
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degrading metabolic pathways
large complex molecules are degraded into smaller, simpler products some release energy |
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energy transfer pathways
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biochem pathway that capture energy and transforms it into a form that organisms can use to drive biomolecular processes
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signal transduction
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bio chem pathway that allows cells to receive and respond to signals from their surroundings
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systems biology
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system of understanding living organisms as integrated systems
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emergent property
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a property conferred by the complexity and dynamics of the system
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degeneracy
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the capacity of structurally different parts to perform the same or similar functions
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feedback control
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a self-regulating mechanism in which the product of a process acts to modify the process, either negatively or positively
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