Study your flashcards anywhere!
Download the official Cram app for free >
- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Read
Toggle OnToggle Off
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
A key: Read text to speech.a key
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
in order to make protein you need ALL amino acids T/F
|
T
|
|
what are essential amino acids
|
aa we can't synthesize
|
|
negative nitrogen balance
|
excreting more nitrogen than taking in (e.g., Kwashikor's disease)
|
|
positive nitrogen balance
|
taking in more nitrogen than excreting
|
|
this amino acid is essential only in growth phases
|
histadine
|
|
name the tca cycle intermediate that produces:
1)FA 2)AA synthesis (neurotransmitters) 3)heme synthesis 4)gluconeogenesis 5)amino acids |
1)citrate
2)alpha ketogluterate 3)succinyl coA 4)malate 5)oxaloacetate |
|
glycogenic
|
can become glucose or glycogen
|
|
ketogenic
|
can become ketone bodies
|
|
leucine is the only strictly ___________ amino acid.
|
ketogenic. All others are glycogenic or both
|
|
Alanine is converted to pyruvate via what enzyme?
How is this reaction classified? |
ALANINE TRANSAMINASE ENZYME(serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase)
Transaminase rxn |
|
Aspartate is converted to oxaloacetate by using what?
How is this reaction classified? |
alpha ketogluterate
glutamate Transaminase rxn |
|
Glutamate is converted to glutamine via what enzyme
The reverse happens with what enzyme? |
glutamine synthase enzyme
glutaminase |
|
how do you diagnosse cystinurea?
|
assay urine for lycine, ornithine, arginine
|
|
______ bonds in homocystein molecules can lead to DVT, thrombosis, & hypercoagulation in homocystein urea
|
disulfide
|
|
what enzyme is involved in homosystein urea
|
cystathione synthase
|
|
cystathione synthase is a _____ containing enzyme, meaning _____ vitamen deficiencis may effect it.
|
PLP, vB6
|
|
describe enzyme and cofactors involved in cystathionin urea
|
Cystathionin urea involves the cystathion lyase enzyme it is a PLP containing enzyme (B6)
|
|
What enzymes are fed into the proprionic acid pathway
|
Valine
or Methionine Isoleucine Threonine (VoMIT) |
|
in PAP, Homosystein comes from _______
|
methionine (homosystein + methyl)
|
|
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
1)enzyme 2)AA metabolism affected |
1)Branch chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase
2)leucine, isoleucine, valine |
|
PKU
1)enzyme 2)problem 3)sweetener to avoid |
1)phenalalanine hydroxylase
2)phenyl ketones build up in blood stream 3) aspartame |
|
phenyl alanine is transaminated to produce which phenyl ketones in PKU?
|
phenyllactate & phenyl pyruvate
|
|
Alkaptonuria
1)enzyme 2)AA metabolism involved 3)clinical signs & symptoms |
1)homogentisate dioxygenase
2)phenylalanine & tyrosine 3)Dark urine, ocronosis (darkening of jts), & arthritis |
|
Alkaptonurea
1)enzyme 2)pathway 2)clinical signs |
1)homogentisate oxidase
2)AA metabolism 3)Dark Urine, Ochronosis:Darkening of the joints & Arthritis |
|
nongenetic causes of homocysteine urea
|
deficiency of B6 (folate) & B12
|
|
enzymes that use B12 as cofactor (give pathway as well)
|
1)Homocysteine Methyltransferase (methionine synthase)
2)Methmalonyl-CoA Mutase (proponyl CoA pathway) |
|
what is build-up of methmalonyl CoA is called and what is diagnostic for
|
methmalonyl urea
B12 deficiency |
|
Dihydrofolate reductase-
|
converts Folate(F)to Dihydrofolate(FH2)to etrahydrofolate(FH4) by methyl transferase. Important in making DNA from RNA
|
|
thymadylate synthase
|
takes dUMP to dTMP, N5,N10 methylene FH4 is carrier of methyl group
-inhibited by 5-FU (chemotherapy) |
|
dihydrofolate reductase
|
takes FH2 to FH4
-inhibited by methotrexate (chemotherapy) |
|
sx of methotrexate similar to _______
|
folate
|
|
SAM-- what does it do and give example
|
used directly for methyllations
(e.g., Norepinephrine -- epinephrine;Nucleotides -- methalinated Rxns) |
|
Homocysteine Methyltransferase (methionine synthase)
|
key enzyme in methylation cycle. Converts homocystein to methionine. Uses B12 as a cofactor and ALSO B6 which interacts w/ B12
|
|
Maple syrup Urine disease
1)enzyme 2)clinical symptoms |
1)branched chain keto acid dihydrogenase
2)urine has oder of maple syrup,mental retardation,abnormal mm tone,ketosis, coma, death |
|
PKU
1)enzyme 2)clinical symptoms |
1)phenylalenine hydroxylase
2)mental retardation, microcephaly, diet important, musty odor, |
|
causes of homocystein urea
|
Vit B12 blockage
Vit B6 Genetic disorder |
|
differential diagnosis of homocystein urea
|
B12 deficiency you will also see associated methomalonic acid urea.
If not B12 give B6 if doesn't recover then genetic |
|
How does B12 deficiency induce B6 deficiency
|
Folate trap. We need B12 as a cofactor for homocystein methyl transferase. HMT is necessary to recylce folate from it's inactivated reduced methylated form (methylated THF) to it's active form THF.
|
|
megablastic anemia check for
|
homoceistein urea
|
|
Megablastic anemia due to folate deficiency:
|
Homocystinurea
Developes 3-4 months Risk factors for deficiency: -pregnancy -alcoholism -severe malnutrition |
|
Megaloblastic anemia due to Vit B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency
|
Progressive peripheral neuropathy*
Homocystinemia w/ risk for cardiovascular disease Methylmalonic aciduria* Deficiency develops in years Risk factors: -Pernicious anemia -gastric resection -chronic pancreatitis -severe malnutrition -vegan -infection w/ D. latum |
|
Pernicious anemia
|
Subset of Megaloblastic anemia. Due to lack of intrinsic factor inhibiting B12. Will have w/ vit B12 deficiency.
|