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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DM
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FPG>126 2x; OGTT >200 at 2 times 0-2 hrs after ingestion
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type I
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polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagial hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, hypertryglceridemia, muscle wasting, dehydration, low LPL, honeymoon
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type 2
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no ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar syndrome, cerebral dehydration, kidney failure, TXDs -> PPAR decrease resistance
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HbA1c
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3-4m avg
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macrophages-> proinflam cytokines TNF-a
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metobolic syndrome (increase risk for DM)
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obesty, dyslipidemia, hepertension, hyperglycemia
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GLP-1 (glucagonlike polypeptide 1) GIP (glucose dep insulinotropic polypep
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increase insulin syn& sec, b-cell diff, ~b-cell apop, ~glucagon, ~gastic empty, ~appitite
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DPP-4
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catabolizes GLP-1 and GIP-4
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Purines
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A, G, bicyclic, sugar-prime, Mg2 stabilizes, liver syn, cyto, made from AA,
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adenosine
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paracrine agent, sleep, caffeine comp ~
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ribose phosphate pryophosphkinase PRPP syn
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RL, activates sugar, allo~ by pur/pyr
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glutamine-PRP-amidotransferase
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PRPP allo->; AMP, GMP, IMP allo ~, senstive to slight change in PRPP
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inosine monophosphate, IMP
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req 7 ATP, 2 TFH, (hypoxanthine base) 1st reg purine
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Adenlosuccinate synthetase
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AMP, feedback ~
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IMP dehydrogenase
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GMP
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Adenylate kinase, guanylate kinase
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A/Gmp -> dp
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nucleoside diphospate kinase
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use atp to gdp->gtp
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Gypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HGPRT
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convert back to IMP and GMP
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Xanthine oxidase XO) hypoxanthine more solub
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liver, kidney, SI, Xanthine->xanthine and deamin of guaine, to uric acid
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hyperuricemia
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>7, gouty arthritis, urolithiasis, renal dysfunction, Tophi, big toe, Na-Urate crystal, kidney stones
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soluble in blood but not acid urine. Amipathic, low Na -more soluble, lower temp -less solub
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anidoxidant, bile & urine excreation, organic anion pump (comp with ketones)
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primary gout
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increase Uric Acid production (24hr urine analysis to determine 1&2), dec HGPRT, overactive PRPP syn, mutation to feedback ~
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secondary gout
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decreased renal excreation
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lesch-nyhan synd
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HGPRT, <1%, low IQ, early teen, kidney stone, self mutilation
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tumor lysis syndrome
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renal failure from chemo, given allopurinol (comp ~ of XO
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pyrim
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PRPP RL substrate,
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carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-2 CPS-2
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1st commited step, OMP first pyr formed, multifunctional, +allo = atp, PRPP
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Nucleoside monophophate kinase
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UMP-> UDP, specific
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nucleoside diphosphate kinase
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UTP broad specificity uses ATP
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CTP synthetase
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UTP->CTP,
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ribonucleotide reductase RNR
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RL, dUMP, also all to d (gdp-dGDP) co enzyme thioredoxin (thioredoxin reductase, NADPH), dATP~, ATP+allo; d*TP allo~ specific substrate.
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thymidylate synthetase
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TMP, always deoxyribose from, RT of s-phase, MTH,
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Adenosine Deaminase ADA deficiency
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immunodeficiency SCID, bubble baby syndrome
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cytosine spon to uracil
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dihydrofolate reductase
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NADPH, folic acid to active THF form,
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salvage of pry
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nucleoside level, not as important as pur, water soluble, SI digests Nucleic acids and excreated in urine,
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Cancer chemo
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Thymidine nucleotide is target, methotrexate(comp~ DiHR), 5-fluorouracil, F-dUMP irriver~TS, 8-Azaguanini - HGPRT- 8-Azaguanosine triphosphate ~translation
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ribose
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oh on 2C
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add to 3' read 5'- 3'; G-C 3 bonds, dinner plate, h-bond/van der/ionic; DNA right handed
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Tm
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melting point
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chromatin
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condensed DNA
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nucleosome
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beads on a string (10nm) (histone complex), H2A, H2B, H3, H4 (2x)
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chromatosome
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includes H1
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tigher histone- less transcription
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acetylation
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lysine (+) to (-)
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Histone acetylases HATS
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add, increase transcrption
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histone deacetylases (HDACs
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remove, decreasing transscription
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euchromatine
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10 & 30 nm
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origin binding proteins
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replication origins
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okazaki fragment
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lagging strand pieces, (leading continuous)
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DNA polymerases
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Alpha
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initial streach of DNA, RNA dependent polymerase
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delta
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rest of transcriptions, helped by Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, locks to dna)
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primase
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RNA primer
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RNaseH
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removes rna primer,
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dna ligase
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repairs nick of phosphate backbone
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dna helicase 1
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unwinds tna, req ATP
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single stranded binding protien SSB
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holds once helicase cuts, hold straigh to aid transcriptions
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topoisomerase 1
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cuts and unwinds, one strand
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topoisomerase 2
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cuts both, holds and passes
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telomere
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TTAGGG
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telomerase
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own rna, elongs dna at end of lag strand, is rna-dependent dna polymerase
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T loop
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circular end of chromosome, protects,
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transition
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same pur-pur, pyr -pyr
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transversion
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opposite
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hi-fidelity replication
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conformational double check
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exonuclease
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removes last (3'-5' direction)
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strand-directed mismatch
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MSH1 binds to bulge, MLH1 scans for nick in newly made strand, removes section
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endogenous
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deamin (C->U) depur(nucleotide pops off, may create single base del, oxidation - mispair (G-A)
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exogen
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UV (thymine dimer- kink blocks replication, carcinogen (alkylaiton-blocks h-bond, SAMe, DNA adducts-heterocyclic amines stick in base)
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dna glycosylases
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flip out deamin, and fix
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AP endonuclease
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removes sugar phosphate backbone leaves gap fixed by dan polymerase
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Nucleotide excision repair
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removes group of nuclotides,
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homologuous recombination
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removes section of 5' ends, sister chromatid is template, can remove bases
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RNA polymerases
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transcription, code - 5'-3', pol 2 mrna, pol 1/3 rrna, pol 3 trna,
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prok
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pol 2 a, b,b', undwinds-rewinds,
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sigma subunit
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transcription initionatino site, -35 (TTGACA -10 TATATT,
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rho independent
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6-8 U residues, stem loop
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rho-dependent
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rho proteind bind to rna and pops off when pauses
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polycistronic
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grouped genes
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eukaryotes
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RNA pol -2, transcription factors, TATA bind protein, tbp-assoc protein
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TATA
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TATAA, and CAAT -30, -70
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7-methylguanosine
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cap 5', initiation of translation
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Poly-A polymerase
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AAUAAA 10-30 up from polyadenylation start
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Spliceosome snRNPs, snRNAs small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles, and small nuclear RNAs
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5' GU, A branch, AG3'
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alternative splicing, mRNA editing
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Start
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AUG- methionine
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Stop
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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mutations
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same AA, no fx change
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silent mutation
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diff AA non fx
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missense
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stop short non fx
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nonsense
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1/2 in/del non fx, short
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frameshift
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non fx
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splice donor or accepter
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indel of AA to del of exon
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triplet repeat
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longer and unstable protein
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tRNA
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l shape, CCA at 3',
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aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
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ATP, charge AA and add to tRNA
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ribosome
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40/60s, small= initiation, large, peptide bond formation
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initiation factors
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IF, eIF, >10 needed, eIF2 binds methionyl tRNA and GTP, 4 binds 5' cap, 5 -trigger hydrolysis of GTP when find AUG
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elongation factors
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EG, eEF (Tu - pro, 1a- euk) GTP RL of hydrolysis, proofreading,
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termination factors
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RT, eRF
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EPA
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(accept, protein, eject) aminoacyl peptidyl exit
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protein ~
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streptomycin (initiation), tetracycline (tRNA binding), chloramphenicol (elongation), erythromycin (translocation-elongation)
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4 ATP for each AA, very demanding (2 tRNA, ef-tu to A site, translocation,
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