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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Free Energy


-what


-symbol

nrg of reactants and products


and tells you if its spontaneous or not


(G)



equilibrium definition

free energy of reactants and products is the same

Free energy indicates _______?


but it can not tell___________________?

-whether a rxn will occur


-how fast

Activation Energy


-what


-symbol


-Higher?


-Lower?

-amount of energy needed collision to make reactants turn into products


-Ea


-slower rxn


-faster rxn



catalyst


-what



-substance that accelerates the chemical rxn



catalyst


-can change...


-cant change...

-rate of reaction, activation energy




-Free nrg of reactants and products (they start at the same place on the graph)


-equilibrium

Equilibrium


-determined by what?


-constant


-equation


-free energies of the unbound reactants and products


-K


- product of concentrations


------------------------------------------


reactant concentrations



K smaller than .001

essentially no reaction

K between .001-1

more reactants than products present at equilibrium



K between 1-1000

more products than reactants present at equilibrium

K larger than 1000

reaction is essentially complete

Le Chatlier's Principle


-what


-example

-When stress is applied to an equilibrium, equilibrium shifts to relieve stress


-buffer (add acid and it is absorbed and the pH doesn't change

Enzyme

molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes a biological rxn

Active Site

pocket within enzyme with specific shape and chemical makeup to bind with substrate

substrate

reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed rxn

Hexokinase w/o glucose

wasteful because water gets in there and you hydrolyze ATP for no reason

SUCROSE:


-tastes sweet because...


-has calories cause...

-sweet taste receptor is not specific


*fits with sucralose




-sucrase protein IS VERY specific


and it breaks down sucrose


***doesnt fit with sucralose

specificity


-define

an enzymes limit of activity to its specific substrate or type of reaction

Papin enzyme's specificity

from papaya fruit


can break down peptide bonds of MANY fruits



Thrombin enzyme's specificity

catalyzes hydrolysis of peptide bond adjacent to arginine


essential to blood clotting

catalase enzyme's specificity


*very fast turnover #

pretty much just one rxn:


decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide(can damage DNA)

Turnover number

maximum # of substrate that can be acted upon per enzyme per unit of time

cofactor


-define


-usually


-ex



-nonprotein part of enzyme essential to enzyme's catalytic activity


-metal ion


-Iron in Hemoglobin

coenzyme


-define


-example

-an organic molecule that acts as an enzyme cofactor


-NADH, FADH, NADPH

systematic enzyme naming:

1st- substrate on which enzyme is acting upon


2nd- subclass name

lock and key model

substrate is described as fitting into a lock

induced fit model

enzyme's active site shape changes

Carbonic Anhydrase


-what does it do?

-conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid

Enzymes act as catalysis cause of their ability to:


1,2,3,4,5

1. bring substrates and catalytic sites together


2. hold substrates in exact orientation


3. provide acidic, basic etc groups required for catalytic


4. lower energy barrier


5. strain on bonds (push close together)

Rate of reaction is usually controlled by what?

substrate concentration (more = faster)


and efficiency of the enzyme

When the graph levels out

Vmax or Maximum/ constant reaction rate

1/2 max


-symbol


-shows you

-Km


-how a cell responds to more substrate

Enzyme complex


-what?

Enzyme bound to substrate

Catalysis

chemical change that takes place within the enzyme complex