Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Free Energy -what -symbol |
nrg of reactants and products and tells you if its spontaneous or not (G) |
|
equilibrium definition |
free energy of reactants and products is the same |
|
Free energy indicates _______? but it can not tell___________________? |
-whether a rxn will occur -how fast |
|
Activation Energy -what -symbol -Higher? -Lower? |
-amount of energy needed collision to make reactants turn into products -Ea -slower rxn -faster rxn |
|
catalyst -what |
-substance that accelerates the chemical rxn |
|
catalyst -can change... -cant change... |
-rate of reaction, activation energy -Free nrg of reactants and products (they start at the same place on the graph) -equilibrium |
|
Equilibrium -determined by what? -constant -equation |
-free energies of the unbound reactants and products -K - product of concentrations ------------------------------------------ reactant concentrations |
|
K smaller than .001 |
essentially no reaction |
|
K between .001-1 |
more reactants than products present at equilibrium |
|
K between 1-1000 |
more products than reactants present at equilibrium |
|
K larger than 1000 |
reaction is essentially complete |
|
Le Chatlier's Principle -what -example |
-When stress is applied to an equilibrium, equilibrium shifts to relieve stress -buffer (add acid and it is absorbed and the pH doesn't change |
|
Enzyme |
molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes a biological rxn |
|
Active Site |
pocket within enzyme with specific shape and chemical makeup to bind with substrate |
|
substrate |
reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed rxn |
|
Hexokinase w/o glucose |
wasteful because water gets in there and you hydrolyze ATP for no reason |
|
SUCROSE: -tastes sweet because... -has calories cause... |
-sweet taste receptor is not specific *fits with sucralose -sucrase protein IS VERY specific and it breaks down sucrose ***doesnt fit with sucralose |
|
specificity -define |
an enzymes limit of activity to its specific substrate or type of reaction |
|
Papin enzyme's specificity |
from papaya fruit can break down peptide bonds of MANY fruits |
|
Thrombin enzyme's specificity |
catalyzes hydrolysis of peptide bond adjacent to arginine essential to blood clotting |
|
catalase enzyme's specificity *very fast turnover # |
pretty much just one rxn: decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide(can damage DNA) |
|
Turnover number |
maximum # of substrate that can be acted upon per enzyme per unit of time |
|
cofactor -define -usually -ex |
-nonprotein part of enzyme essential to enzyme's catalytic activity -metal ion -Iron in Hemoglobin |
|
coenzyme -define -example |
-an organic molecule that acts as an enzyme cofactor -NADH, FADH, NADPH |
|
systematic enzyme naming: |
1st- substrate on which enzyme is acting upon 2nd- subclass name |
|
lock and key model |
substrate is described as fitting into a lock |
|
induced fit model |
enzyme's active site shape changes |
|
Carbonic Anhydrase -what does it do? |
-conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid |
|
Enzymes act as catalysis cause of their ability to: 1,2,3,4,5 |
1. bring substrates and catalytic sites together 2. hold substrates in exact orientation 3. provide acidic, basic etc groups required for catalytic 4. lower energy barrier 5. strain on bonds (push close together) |
|
Rate of reaction is usually controlled by what? |
substrate concentration (more = faster) and efficiency of the enzyme |
|
When the graph levels out |
Vmax or Maximum/ constant reaction rate |
|
1/2 max -symbol -shows you |
-Km -how a cell responds to more substrate |
|
Enzyme complex -what? |
Enzyme bound to substrate |
|
Catalysis |
chemical change that takes place within the enzyme complex |