Biochem 2.9:: Complete

Front 1

What amino acids are derived from α-ketoglutarate

Back 1

Glu

-->Arg
-->Gln
-->Pro

Front 2

What amino acids are derived from Oxaloacetate?

Back 2

Asp

-->Asn

Front 3

What amino acid is derived from pyruvate?

Back 3

Ala

Front 4

What amino acids are derived from 3-Phosphoglycerate?

Back 4

Ser

-->Gly
-->Cys

Front 5

What supplies the amide group of Asn during synthesis?

Back 5

Glutamine

Front 6

? donates amino groups by transamination?

Back 6

Glutamate

Front 7

Aminotransferase requires what coenzyme for it to work?

Back 7

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Front 8

What enzyme utilizes α-ketoglutarate and NH4+ and NADPH (converted to NADP+) to synthesize GLUTAMATE?

Back 8

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Front 9

? pathways replenish the supply of TCA cycle intermediates.

Back 9

Anaplerotic

Front 10

What substrates in the TCA cycle are part of the Anaplerotic pathway?

Back 10

FOCKS

Fumarate
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
α-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA

Front 11

Succinyl-CoA is useful in the synthesis of?

Back 11

Heme

Front 12

? pathways divert TCA cycle intermediates for biosynthesis

Back 12

COK

Citrate
Oxaloacetate
α-ketoglutarate

Front 13

REMEMBER

Histidine can be used to synthesized α-ketoglutarate

BUT CANNOT be synthesized FROM α-ketoglutarate

Back 13

REMEMBER

Histidine can be used to synthesized α-ketoglutarate

BUT CANNOT be synthesized FROM α-ketoglutarate

Front 14

What amino acid is required for Catecholamines synthesis?

Back 14

PHENYLALANINE --> tyrosine

Front 15

? is the ORGANIC portion of HEME.

Back 15

Porphyrin Ring

Front 16

Heme is the ? of important proteins called HEMOPROTEINS.

Back 16

Prosthetic Group

Front 17

Give examples of Hemoproteins (3)

Back 17

CYTOCHROME

myoglobin
hemoglobin

Front 18

Heme is a complex made up of ? and ?

Back 18

Iron-Porphyrin

Front 19

How are Porphyrins are synthesized from ? , ? and ?.

Back 19

"poor gly suca Iron"

Glycine
Succinyl CoA

Iron

Front 20

Glycine and Succinyl CoA condense to yield ?

The enzyme responsible is called ? and requires ?

Where is this enzyme located?

Back 20

δ-aminolevulinate

δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS)

requires Pyridoxal Phosphate

Mitochondria

Front 21

What is the rate-limiting step in synthesis of porphyrins?

Back 21

δ-Aminolevulinate Synthase (ALAS)

Front 22

What are the 2 distinct forms of the enzyme δ-Aminolevulinate Synthase (ALAS)


Which is feedback inhibited by heme?

Back 22

ALAS-N ----liver

ALAS-E ----erythroid tissue


HEME inhibits ALAS-N

Front 23

Two δ-Aminolevulinate molecules condense to yield ?

Back 23

Porphobilinogen

Front 24

Four Porphobilinogen make ?

which is then used to form ? by ring closure and isomerization.

? formed by decarboxylation and oxidation

? is incorporated into it to make HEME

Back 24

Hydroxymethylbilane

Uroporphyrinogen III

Protoporporphyrin IX

Iron

Front 25

? serves as a small quickly available source of high energy phosphate in muscle cells.

Back 25

Phosphocreatine

Front 26

Creatine and Phosphocreatine undergo slow spontaneous coversion to ?

Back 26

Creatinine

Front 27

Daily total urinary ? excretion is proportional to body muscle mass and is fairly constant

Back 27

Creatinine

Front 28

How is Creatine synthesized?

Back 28

Glycine

guanido group of Arginine

methyl group from S-Adenosyl methionine

Front 29

Fuel sources for muscle

earliest utilization to long utilization

Back 29

ATP

Creatine Phosphate

Anaerobic Metabolism

Aerobic metabolsim

Front 30

Creatine Synthesis

Amidinotransferase
Arginine ----> Guanidoacetate

what is the byproduct of this reaction?

Back 30

Ornithine

Front 31

What amino acid is essential for the 1-carbon Pool? (active -CH3)

Back 31

Methionine

Front 32

What amino acids contribute in the formation of Creatine?

Back 32

Glycine

Arginine

Methionine (for SAM)

Front 33

? serves as a "redox buffer"

Back 33

Glutathione

Front 34

Glutathione removes toxic peroxides in the reaction catalyzed by ?

Back 34

Glutathione Peroxidase

Front 35

What are amino acids are required for Glutathione synthesis?

Back 35

Glutamate

Cysteine

Glycine

Front 36

? maintains the proper Thiol-disulfide state in proteins.

(2 GSH <----> GSSG)
Protein S-S <----> Protein -SH -SH

Back 36

Thiol Transferase

Front 37

GSSG ---> 2GSH

requires what enzyme and power source?

Back 37

Glutathione Reductase

NADPH + H ---> NADP+

Front 38

? is the precursor of the catecholamines

Back 38

Tyrosine

Front 39

? is the precursor of Serotonin

Back 39

Tryptophan

Front 40

? is the precursor of Histamine

Back 40

Histidine

Front 41

What is the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?


What activates this enzyme?

Allosterically activated?
allosterically inactivated?

Back 41

Tyrosine Hydroxylase


Phosphorylation by cAMP-Dependent protein Kinase

Phenylalanine activates

Catecholamines inactivate

Front 42

What is the reducing cofactor required for catecholamine synthesis?


How is it reduced back to its original form after being oxidized?

Back 42

BH4
(Tetrahydrobiopterin)

NADPH

Front 43

What is the required coenzyme for L-DOPA conversion to Dopamine?

Back 43

Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)

Front 44

What is the required coenzyme for Dopamine to Norepinephrine?

Back 44

Ascorbate (Vitamin C)

Oxygen (O2)

Front 45

What is required for Norepinephrine conversion to epinephrine?

Back 45

SAM -------> SAH

Front 46

What induces synthesis of Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase?

(norepinephrine ---> epinephrine)

Back 46

High levels of CORTISOL

(from the adrenal cortex)

Front 47

Describe the function of Serotonin:

Central and Peripheral nervous system -

Platelets -

GI Tract -

Back 47

Central and Peripheral nervous system - NEUROTRANSMITTER

Platelets - VASOCONSTRICTOR

GI Tract (enterochromaffin cells) - stimulates smooth muscle contractions

Front 48

How is serotonin degraded?

Back 48

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Aldehyde dehyrogenase

Front 49

Where is serotonin converted to melatonin?

What are the enzymes used?

Back 49

Pineal Gland

5-HT-N-acetyltransferase ---AcCoA

5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase ---SAM

Front 50

Remember

Carboxylases / decarboxylases USUALLY use Pyrodoxial Phosphate (PLP)

Back 50

Remember

Carboxylases / decarboxylases USUALLY use Pyrodoxial Phosphate (PLP)

Front 51

How is histidine converted to histamine?

How is histamine degraded?

Back 51

PLP + Histidine Decarboxylase


SAM + Histamine Methyltransferase

=> Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Front 52

REMEMBER

Histamine...

-stimulates gastric secretion
-released from mast cells and basophils
-inflammation
-regulates release and turnover of other transmitters in the brain

Back 52

REMEMBER

Histamine...

-stimulates gastric secretion
-released from mast cells and basophils
-inflammation
-regulates release and turnover of other transmitters in the brain