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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
List the major functions of the liver
1. carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid metabolism
2. protein synthesis
3. storage
4. secretion and synthesis of bile salts
5. excretion and detoxification
Name the two main cell types of the liver. Which performs most of the functions of the liver
Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Hepatocyte perform most functions.
In the fed state, what does the liver do with excess glucose?
Stored as glycogen or converted to fats, or with amino acids is used to make new amino acids (transamination)
How does the liver supply the blood with glucose in the fasting state?
Glycogenolysis- breaks down glycogen
Glycogenesis: makes new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (e.g. amino acids and glycerol from triglycerides).
List the hexoses to which the liver converts glucose, and from which glucose can be produced.
fructose and galactose
name the pathway used to produce pentoses from glucose
pentose-phosphate pathway
What is the name of the process that involves a reversal of the glycolytic pathway?
Gluconeogenesis
What substances can be converted into fatty acids by the liver
Glucose, fructose, and some amino acids
How can the liver use fats as an energy source
fatty acids can undergo beta oxidation to produce acetyl-CoA wich is the starting material for Kerbs
Name three substances which can be produced by acetyl CoA.
ketone bodies, fatty acids, cholesterol.
Name the enzyme which regulates cholesterol biosynthesis
3-HMG-CoA reductase
List the possible fate of an amino acid which finds itself in the liver
Transaminationto produce new amino acids from carboxylic acids, deamination to produce new oxycarboxylic acids, catabolised for energy production, incorporated into new proteins, returned to the blood stream
How is excess nitrogen, produced from deamination of amino acids, removed safely from the body?
Nitrogen in the form of ammonia liberated from amino acids is converted to urea in the liver.Urea is not as toxic as ammonia and is water soluble. SO it can be transported in the blood and excreted by the kidneys, skin and lungs.
Name the two categories of protein synthesized in the liver
Proteins to be used in the liver
Plasma proteins
How is excess protein stored in the liver?
excess protein is stored by increasing the number of protein cells (hyperplasia), or by increasing the size of the liver cells (hypertrophy)
What is the main cause of coma in people with liver failure?
cannot produce urea in the liver and so ammonia increases and is toxic to the CNS (thus, coma)
How does protein metabolism in the liver relate to the neurological abnormalities associated with advanced liver disease?
.
List three symptoms resulting from increases in bilirubin levels in the blood
Jaundice, pale stools, dark urine
List four substances stored in the liver
glycogen
proteins
vitamins ADEK & B12
Iron
Name the main secretion of the liver
Bile
List the main components of bile
water, bile salts, glucosaminoglycans, bile pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes
what is the function of bicarbonate in bile?
Bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acid
Name two substances which are conjugated to cholic acid to form bile salts
taurine
glycine
what are the two main categories of reaction in the detoxification process?
Phase I and Phase II
name the enzyme system largely responsible for the initial phase of detoxification and the generic name for the enzymes involved
MOS (mixed oxidase system)
cytochrome P450
List three substances which become more toxic after they have been phagocytosed by Kupffer cells
Silica, methylcellulose and lipopolysacchardies produced from gram negative bacteria
List five processes performed by the liver, not performed elsewhere in the body
activation of vit D, metabolism of tryptophan to nicotinic acid, detox and elimination of chemicals, glycogen storage, bile production, urea synthesis, production of clotting factors
where does most of the livers blood supply come from?
digestive system via the portal vein
what is the end product of b-oxidation of fatty acids?
acetyl CoA
what condition does an excess of ketone bodies cause?
metabolic acidosis
what is the main function of the kupffer cells?
phagocytosis
why is treating the liver a good idea in people with dysglycaemia?
Dysglycaemia= dysfunctional control of blood glucose levels.Liver controls BGL via gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenesis, thus diseased liver will not control BGL well.
why are bleeding disorders common in liver dysfunction?
because liver dysfunction results in blood clotting factors not being made, bile not being secreted, and so fat soluble substances like vit K cannot be absorbed.