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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a molecule with 7 electrons has how many valence electrons?
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5
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what are salt bridges?
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ionic interactions in biological molecules
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T or F Hydrogen bonds are stronger than Covalent bonds
|
False
Covalent bonds are stronger bonds than Hydrogen bonds |
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T or F A covalent bond is a weak bond
|
False
A covalent bond is a Very strong bond |
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T or F A hydrogen bond is a weak bond
|
Truuuuuu
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which of the following does not have Hydrogen bonds
a. ICE b. WATER c. WATER VAPOR d. ALL DO |
c. water vapor
no longer has Hydrogen bonding |
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T or F
Females have more water composition than males |
False
Males>Females b/c in general men have more muscle tissue than females |
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molecules containing both polar and nonpolar groups are called?
|
Amphipathic
both Hydrophilic and hydrophobic |
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T or F
Micelles have a polar outside and nonpolar inside |
truuu
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when a cell is placed in a HYPERtonic solution it will?
a. crenate b. swell c. lyse d. no change |
a. crenate
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when a cell is placed in a HYPOtonic solution it will
a. crenate b. swell c. lyse d. no change |
b. swell
c. lyse |
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when a cell is placed in a isotonic solution it will
a. crenate b. swell c. lyse d. no change |
d. no change
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when you have a strong acid your pka will be
a. high b. low c. same as ka d. none of the above |
b. low pKa
low pH = low pKa = high Ka |
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when you have high pH what will your Ka be
a. high b. low c. same as pKa d. none of the above |
b. low Ka
high pH = high pKa = low Ka |
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|
Log 10=
Log 1= Log .1= log .01= |
Log 10= 1
Log 1= 0 Log .1= -1 Log .01= -2 |
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Lactic acid has a Ka= 1.38X10-4 and a pKa= 3.86 what is the pH?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 |
c. 4
ka= 1.38X10(-4)**** the power of 10 for ka = the pH |
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pH greater than what number is considered to be alkalosis
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pH>7.45
acidosis<7.35-7.45<alkalosis below 7.0 =lethal above 7.8 =lethal |
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|
what do buffers do?
|
buffer systems minimize pH changes by converting stronger acids and bases into weaker acids and bases
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[base]>[acid] means
a. pH>pKa b. pH=pKa c. pH<pKa d. does not effect pKa |
a. pH>pKa
|
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[base]<[acid] means
a. pH>pKa b. pH=pKa c. pH<pKa d. does not effect pKa |
pH<pKa
|
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[base]=[acid] means
a. pH>pKa b. pH=pKa c. pH<pKa d. does not effect pKa |
b. pH=pKa
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what do bicarbonate ions combine with in excess to form carbonic acid?
|
Hydrogen ions
|
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MACA: hydrocarbon chains like hexane is
a. nonpolar b. polar c. hydrophobic d. hydrophilic e. amphipathic |
a. nonpolar
c. hydrophobic |
|
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carbon structure which are straight or branched, with single or double bonds but do not contain a ring are called
a. aromatic b. alipathic c. aliphatic d. amphipathic |
c. aliphatic
|
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a 6 member ring with 3 double bonds are
a. aromatic b. aliphatic c. ringomatic d. amphipathic |
a. aromatic
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glucose has a chain structure with a couple OH- molecules is it
a. hydrophilic b. hydrophobic c. nonpolar d. none of the above |
a. hydrophilic
the more OH- groups the more hydrophilic/polar |
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testosterone has a couple of aromatic structures boned together it is considered
a. hydrophilic b. hydrophobic c. polar d. none of the above |
b. hydrophobic
hydrophobic/nonpolar |
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when a molecule loses electrons it is
a. oxidized b. reduced c. both d. neither |
a. oxidized
LEO says GERRRR or OIL RIG |
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when a molecule gains electrons it is
a. oxidized b. reduced c. both d. neither |
b. reduced
LEO says GERRR or OIL RIG |
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a molecule which is both an acid and a base is said to be
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amphoteric
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(+) and (-) structures in the same molecule is called
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zwitterion
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which amino acids are nonpolar aromatic?
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phenalanine
tryptophan tyrosine |
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which amino acids are branced-chain amino acids?
|
valine
leucine isoleucine |
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which amino acids contain OH- groups?
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serine, tyrosine, and threonine
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which amino acid can form disulfide bonds?
|
cysteine
|
|
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which amino acids are negatively charged and acidic?
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aspartate and glutamate
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which amino acids are positively charged and basic?
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arginine, lysine, and histidine
|
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what is the side chain of histidine referred to as?
|
imidazole ring
|
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which amino acids can form O-glycosidic linkages?
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serine, threonine and tyrosine
those with OH- groups |
|
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which amino acids can utilize lipid addition?
|
cysteine and glycine
|
|
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which amino acids can be phosporylated?
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serine, threonine, tyrosine
those with OH- groups |
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what is an isoform/isozyme?
|
has the same function
different amino acid structure and properties |
|
|
what are some tissue specific isoforms
|
glucokinase (liver)
hexokinase (rbc) |
|
|
what is Liddles syndrome?
|
Na+ channel can't be degraded properly stays open all the time causes too much Na+ resorption. Low K+ in kidneys
Rx (MD)= diuretics |
|
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the alpha helix
a. Left handed helical shape b. Right handed helical shape c. Left handed circular shape d. Right handed circular shape |
b. right handed helical shape
|
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what 2 amino acids are used for Beta turns and why?
|
glycine- small and flexible
proline- rigid structure |
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the tertiary structure of transmembrane proteins often have what type of arrangement of hydrophilic/hydrophobic
|
2 hydrophilic and one hydrophobic
|
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|
T or F Hemoglobin has a tetrameric structure
|
true
myoglobin is monomeric |
|
|
Fe2+ or ferrous is in the
a. reduced state b. transition state c. oxidized state |
c. oxidized state
|
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T or F hemoglobin boston effects the proximal histidine
|
False
hemoglobin boston effects the DISTAL histidine |
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|
Hb F (fetal hemoglobin) has a ______ affinity to oxygen than Hb A (adult hemoglobin)
a. higher b. lower c. same |
a. higher
Hb F= alpha2 Gama2 Hb A= alpha2 Beta2 |
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|
T or F
Hb S (sickle) effects the myoglobin |
False
Hb S (sickle) effects the hemoglobin |
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myoglobin is
a. sigmoidal b. hyperbolic c. none of the above |
b. hyperbolic
|
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hemoglobin is
a. sigmoidal b. hyperbolic c. none of the above |
a. sigmoidal
|
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H-bonds are disrupted
a. thermal denaturation b. pH denaturation c. organic solvents d. denaturation through nonenzymatic modifications of proteins |
a. thermal denaturation
|
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|
primarily interrupts ionic bonds
a. thermal denaturation b. pH denaturation c. organic solvents d. denaturation through |
b. pH denaturation
|
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interferes with hydrophobic interactions
a. thermal denaturation b. pH denaturation c. organic solvents d. denaturation through |
c. organic solvents
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T or F transitional state complex is unstable
|
True
|
|
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which is the favored model of enzyme substrate interactions?
|
induced fit
lock and key is the old way |
|
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substrate binding can initiate changes in the shape of the active site that brings catalytic groups into exactly the right configuration to speed up the reaction is called
a. lock and key b. induced fit c. initiated fit d. none of the above |
b. induced fit
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add or remove hydrogen atoms
a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. lyases |
a. oxidoreductases
uses NAD |
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add water, ammonia or carbon dioxide across double bonds, or remove these elements to produce double bonds
a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. lyases |
d. lyases
|
|
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utilizes hydrolysis
a. electrostatic effects b. nucleophilic catalysis c. acid/base catalysis d. covalent catalysis |
b. nucleophilic catalysis
|
|
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which amino acids are found in electrostatic effects?
|
histidine, arginine and lysine
|
|
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uses proton donors and acceptors
a. electrostatic effects b. nucleophilic catalysis c. acid/base catalysis d. covalent catalysis |
c. acid/base catalysis
|
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which amino acid/s are found with covalent catalysis?
|
serine
|
|
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water is utilized in which of the following only?
a. electrostatic effects b. nucleophilic catalysis c. acid/base catalysis d. covalent catalysis |
b. nucleophilic catalysis
|
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what makes up a haloenzyme?
|
apoenyme (inactive protein component)
coenzyme (non-protein) |
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promiscuous
a. cosubstrates b. prosthetic groups c. neither |
a. costubstrates
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monogomous
a. cosubstrates b. prosthetic groups |
b. prosthetic groups
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T or F CoASH is a activation-transfer coenzyme
|
True
|
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CoASH is derived from what vitamin
|
B5 panthanoic acid
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what oxidation-reduction coenzymes are involved in the transfer of electrons together with hydrogen?
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NAD and FAD
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what is the optimum in humans is ___*C
|
37*C
not 37*F |
|
|
T or F
temperature which is too high, disrupts secondary and tertiary structures affected |
True
denaturation |
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what transitional state analogs/intermediate is used to treat gout?
|
allopurinol
|
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binds to free enzyme only
a. competitive inhibitor b. uncompetitive inhibitor c. noncompetitive inhibitor |
a. competitive inhibitor
|
|
|
Vmax remains unchanged and Km increases
a. competitive inhibitor b. uncompetitive inhibitor c. noncompetitive inhibitor |
a. competitive inhibitor
|
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can bind free enzyme and enzyme substrate complex
a. competitive inhibitor b. uncompetitive inhibitor c. noncompetitive inhibitor |
c. noncompetitive inhibitor
|
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Vmax decreases Km remains unchanged
a. competitive inhibitor b. uncompetitive inhibitor c. noncompetitive inhibitor |
c. noncompetitive inhibitor
|
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binds only to ES
a. competitive inhibitor b. uncompetitive inhibitor c. noncompetitive inhibitor |
b. uncompetitve inhibitor
|
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T or F
posititve effectors shift the curve to the right and make them go from a sigmoid shape to a hyperbola shape which lowers the Km but does not effect the Vmax |
False
posititve effectors shift the curve to the LEFT and make them go from a sigmoid shape to a hyperbola shape which lowers the Km but does not effect the Vmax |
|
|
which covalent modification phosphorylates enzymes
a. protein kinases b. phosphatases c. both d. none |
a. protein kinases
phosphatases dephosphorylates |
|
|
T or F
covalent modifications in which the enzyme is phosphorylated is reversible by dephosphorylation |
True
|
|
|
the nervous system secretes neurotransmitters such as what?
|
GABA and acetylcholine
|
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what is a paracrine/autocrine factor which is derived from arachidonic acid?
|
eicosanoids
|
|
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what does adenylate cyclase do?
|
it removes 2 phosphates from ATP and forms AMP into a circle which is activated via G-protein
|
|
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what does viagra inhibit?
|
it inhibits phosphodiesterase
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what catabolic hormone is for acute stress and fuel mobilization?
|
epinephrine
|
|
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which catabolic hormone is for long term stress?
|
cortisol
|
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|
glucagon is synthesized by what cells which are found in the pancreas?
|
the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans
|
|
|
when is glucagon secreted?
|
in response to low levels of blood glucose
|
|
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if you have a tumor in the Beta cells in the islets of langerhans what are there signs and symptoms?
|
too much insulin and hypoglycemia
|
|
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what are the signs and symptoms of a person with type 2 diabetes?
|
insulin resistant and normally overweight
|
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when the person is in negative body balance the are?
a. gaining weight b. no change in weight c. loosing weight |
c. loosing weight
|
|
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what affects BMR
a. sex b. temperature c. size d. endocrine activity e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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|
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how do sex, temperature, size, and endocrine activity effect BMR
|
Male>Female
107*F>98.6*F Lg>small; Less% fat> more% fat increased thyroid hormone>normal thyroid hormone |
|
|
which reaction releases energy and is spontaneous?
a. endergonic b. exergonic c. none |
b. exergonic
|
|
|
what is the equilibrium constant?
|
[p]/[s]=Keq
|
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|
know this equations:
1. Keq=1 then ΔG˚=0 2. Keq>1 then ΔG˚<0 3. Keq<1 then ΔG˚>0 which one favors products and which one favors substrates ? |
2. favors products and is exergonic
3. favors substrates and is endergonic |
|
|
which reaction releases heat
a. exothermic +ΔH b. endothermic +ΔH c. exothermic -ΔH d. endothermic -ΔH |
c. exothermic -ΔH
|
|
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which reaction absorbs energy
a. endothermic +ΔH b. endothermic -ΔH c. endothermic -ΔS d. endothermic +ΔS |
a. endothermic +ΔH
|
|
|
a positive change in entropy is
a. less disorder b. more disorder c. exergonic d. endergonic |
b. more disorder
|
|
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positive change in enthalpy is
a. endergonic b. exergonic c. less disorder d. more disorder |
a. endergonic
|
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|
T or F
in order to do work the pathway must have acquired an overall positive ΔG value |
in order to do work the pathway must have acquired an overall NEGATIVE ΔG value
|
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a compound which has high energy, formed from CoASH + Acyl group and found in the TCA cycle is known as?
|
Acetyl CoA
|
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a reaction with ΔG˚' can be favored if what happens?
|
[substrate] is raised to high enough levels or [product] decreased to very low levels
|
|
|
T or F
NAD+ is the oxidized state of NAD |
true
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ |
|
|
in the ECT which complex has a binding site for FMN?
a. complex 1 b. complex 2 c. complex 3 d. complex 4 |
a. complex 1
|
|
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which does not span the membrane?
a. complex 1 b. complex 2 c. complex 3 d. complex 4 |
b. complex 2
|
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what is the order of electron transport from NADH to Oxygen
|
NADH--> complex 1---> CoQ ---> complex 3 ---> cyt c ---> complex 4 ---> oxygen
|
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|
in chemiosmosis what is the open configuration do?
a. binds ADP + Pi b. ADP + Pi ---> ATP c. releases ATP d. none of the above |
c. releases ATP
|
|
|
during exercise ATP is used therefore ADP and Pi levels
a. decrease b. increase c. no change |
b. increase
|
|
|
DNP can do what to the body core temperature
a. raise to dangerous levels b. lower to dangerous levels c. does not effect temperature |
a. raise to dangerous levels
|
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non-shivering thermogenesis utilizes what uncoupling protein in order to generate heat?
|
thermogenin
|
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Cyanide and CO blocks what complex in the ECT
a. complex 1 b. complex 2 c. complex 3 d. complex 4 |
d. complex 4
|
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Rotenone blocks what complex in the ECT?
a. complex 1 b. complex 2 c. complex 3 d. complex 4 |
a. complex 1
|
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|
what is the energy yield from the complete oxidation of a 14 carbon fatty acid?
|
(#C-2)/2
(14-2)/2=6 6(4) + 7(10) -2 24+70-2 92ATP |
|
|
7 carbon odd chain fatty acid has how many FAD, NAD, acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA
a. 2FAD, 2NAD, 3 acetyl CoA, 1 Propionyl CoA b. 2FAD, 2NAD, 1 acetyl CoA, 2 Propionyl CoA c. 3FAD, 3NAD, 2 acetyl CoA, 1 Propionyl CoA d. 2FAD, 2NAD, 2 acetyl CoA, 1 Propionyl CoA |
d. 2FAD, 2NAD, 2 acetyl CoA, 1 Propionyl CoA
|
|
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what is the RX for MCAD defieciency?
|
High carbohydrate diet and supplementation of carnitine
|
|
|
what enzyme makes malonyl CoA in the cytosol?
|
acetyl CoA carboxylase
|
|
|
insulin-dependent activation of acetyl CoA carboxylase in the liver forms what?
|
Malonyl CoA
|
|
|
what are the only tissues which can not use ketone bodies for energy?
|
Liver and RBC's
|
|
|
what is the names of 3 ketone bodies?
|
acetoacetate, Beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone
|
|
|
what enzyme found in muscle but not in liver allows the muscle to utilized the ketone bodies?
|
acetoacetate:succinyl-CoA transferase
|
|
|
how does epinephrine and glucagon effect hormone sensitive lipase?
|
activates it
|
|
|
how does insulin effect hormone sensitive lipase?
|
inhibits it
|
|
|
Malonyl CoA inhibits what during beta oxidation?
|
CAT-I
|
|
|
where are the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybuturate and acetone produced?
|
in the liver
|
|
|
which sugar is used to make DNA?
|
2-deoxyribose
|
|
|
stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other is called?
|
diastereomers
|
|
|
lactose is a disaccharide which is formed by which monosaccharides? and what type of linkage does it form?
|
galactose + glucose (Beta 1,4 linkages)
|
|
|
what linkages between galactose and glucose form lactose?
|
beta 1,4
|
|
|
aerobically glucose is converted to what in glycolysis?
|
pyruvate and ATP
|
|
|
T or F
glucose to glucose 6-phosphate is ATP-dependent phosphorylation |
True
requires ATP |
|
|
which enzyme in the liver catalyzes the reaction between glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
|
glucokinase
|
|
|
aldolase catalyzes a _____ reaction
a. reversible b. irreversible |
a. reversible
|
|
|
1,3 BPG is catalyzed to form? (2)
|
3-phosphoglycerate
ATP |
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes the reaction between PEP to pyruvate
|
pyruvate kinase
|
|
|
malate- aspartate shuttle is usually used by the liver and produces how many ATP from NADH
|
2.5ATP
|
|
|
under anaerobic conditions and in RBC's under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to?
|
Lactate by LDH
|
|
|
what allosterically activates PFK-1?
|
AMP and fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
|
|
|
Glucagon
a. favors fructose 6-p b. favors fructose 2,6 bisP c. both d. none |
a. favors fructose 6-P
|
|
|
TCA cycle
a. catabolic b. anabolic c. amphibolic d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
Amphibolic= anabolic + catabolic |
|
|
where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA take place?
|
in the mitochondria
|
|
|
during muscle contraction Ca2+ are
a. increase b. decrease c. not affected |
a. increased
|
|
|
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited and stimulate what?
|
inhibited via = Acetyl CoA and NADH (product inhibition)
Stimulated via= NAD+ CoASH (substrate activation) |
|
|
which enzymes in the TCA cycle produce NADH?
|
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenase |
|
|
which enzyme in the TCA cycle produces GTP (high energy phosphate)
|
succinyl CoA synthetase
|
|
|
which enzyme in the TCA cycle produces FAD(2H)?
|
succinate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
which enzymes in the TCA cycle produce CO2?
|
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase glycolysis= pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
|
|
which enzyme in the TCA preforms substrate level phosphorylation?
|
succinyl CoA synthetase
forms GTP |
|
|
which enzymes in the TCA cycle are REDOX reactions?
|
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenase |
|
|
in the TCA cycle FAD plays a role in which reaction in order to form a double bond?
|
succinate to fumarate
enzyme= succinate dehydrogenase |
|
|
in the TCA cycle FAD plays a role in which reaction in order to form a disulfide bond?
|
Lipate to lipoate disulfide
enzyme= alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
|
|
which vitamin is a precursor to FAD synthesis?
|
vitamin B2 riboflavin
|
|
|
which vitamin in a precursor to NAD synthesis?
|
Vitamin B3 niacin
|
|
|
TPP is needed in the TCA cycle for which enzyme
|
alpha ketoglutarate deydrogenase
|
|
|
which vitamin is a precursor for TPP synthesis?
|
vitamin B1
|
|
|
how does ATP/ADP ratios effect the TCA cycle?
|
increased rate of ATP utilization means a small decrease in [ATP] and an increase in [ADP] which results in an increased rate of the TCA cycle
|
|
|
which enzyme in the TCA cycle is the Rate limiter?
|
isocitrate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
what is the predominate form of glucose 5hrs after a high carb meal?
|
glycogen.
this is bc dietary glucose is 2-3 hrs following a meal |
|
|
what is the structure of glycogen?
|
Alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkages and alpha 1,6 branches every 4-6 residues
|
|
|
during glycogen synthesis what is the branching enzyme?
|
4:6 transferase
|
|
|
what is the major enzyme during glycogenisis?
|
glycogen sythase
|
|
|
during glycogenolysis what is the debranching enzyme?
|
4:4 transferase
|
|
|
what enzyme in glycogenolysis cleaves a single residue at the branch point?
|
alpha-1,6 glucodidase
|
|
|
90% of glycogen is released as Glucose-1-P which is converted into?
|
glucose 6-P by phosphoglucomutase
|
|
|
during glycogenolysis what organelle is glucose 6-phosphatase located?
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
|
|
which is activated by phosphorylation?
a. glycogen phosphorylase b. glycogen synthase c. both d. neither |
a. glycogen phosphorylase
|
|
|
which is inactivated by phosphorylation?
a. glycogen phosphorylase b. glycogen synthase c. both d. neither |
b. glycogen synthase
|
|
|
what are some positive allosteric effectors of glycogen phosphorylase?
|
CA2+ and AMP
|
|
|
which glycogen storage disease causes hepatomegaly, kidney failure and growth failure?
|
Von Gierke's disease
also causes a decrease in the following: blood glucose levels, blood lipid levels, blood pH |
|
|
which enzyme is effected by McCardle's disease?
|
Glycogen Phosphorylase
|
|
|
what does the enzyme aldolase B do during fructose metabolism?
|
converts fructose 1-P to DHAP and Glyceraldehyde
|
|
|
fructokinase needs what to function properly?
|
ATP
|
|
|
fuctosuria has what clinical significance and is caused by what enzyme?
|
NO clinical significance
enzyme= fructokinase |
|
|
why is the formation of fructose in the polyol pathway important in males?
|
made in the seminal vesicles bc spermatazoa utilize the fructose as a major fuel source while in the seminal fluid
|
|
|
we metablolize galactose in what organ?
|
LIVER
|
|
|
non-classical galactosemia results from what enzyme deficiency?
|
galactokinase
|
|
|
classical galactosemia results from what enzyme deficiency?
|
galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
|
|
|
the pentose phosphate oxidative pathway produces what?
|
NADPH
|
|
|
30% of the oxidation of glucose in the liver occurs via what pathway?
|
pentose phosphate pathway
|
|
|
what factor in the pentose phosphate pathway can be utilized for nucleotide synthesis?
|
ribose-5-P
|
|
|
what organ is the major organ for gluconeogenisis?
|
LIVER
|
|
|
what pathway results in the synthesis of glucose?
|
gluconeogenisis
|
|
|
what are the three glycolytic enzymes which are not found in gluconeogenisis?
|
pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase-1(PFK-1), and hexo/glucokinase
|
|
|
where is biotin needed in the gluconeogenic pathway?
|
from pyruvate to OAA
enzyme= pyruvate carboxylase |
|
|
during gluconeogenisis fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted into?
|
fructose-6-Phoshate
enzyme= F-1,6-Bpase |
|
|
what is the predominate source of carbon atoms for gluconeogenisis?
|
LACTATE
|
|
|
T or F
Glucose 6-Phosphatase is an inducible enzyme |
Truuuuuu
|
|
|
T or F
during ethanol metabolism Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase generates NADPH |
FALSE,
NADH |
|
|
what factors effects the ability of an individual to metabolize alcohol?
|
genotype, gender(M>F), drinking history(drunk>newb), and quantity over time
|
|
|
T or F
lactose synthesis and galactose metabolism utilizes UDP-galactose and glucose |
True
|
|
|
what amino acid might you find in O-glycosylation?
|
serine
also: threonine |
|
|
Glycosaminoglycans are
a. branched b. short chains c. non-repeating d. negatively charged |
d. negatively charged
|
