Biochem 1 | Carbohydrates

Front 1

Glucose + glucose forms what?

Back 1

Maltose

A(1-4)

Front 2

Lactose composed of what?

Back 2

Glucose

Galactose

B(1-4)

Front 3

Glucose + fructose forms what?

Back 3

Sucrose

A1 - B2

Front 4

Most important dietary source of carbohydrates

Back 4

Starch

Front 5

Polysaccharide of fructose used to determine GFR

Back 5

Inulin

Front 6

2 isomers of mannose

Back 6

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

Front 7

Epimer of mannose?

Back 7

Glucose at C2

Front 8

Epimer of galactose?

Back 8

Glucose at C4

Front 9

Can undergo mutarotation

Has furan and pyran ring

Back 9

Anomers

Front 10

Principal site of digestion of carbohydrates

Back 10

Mouth

Intestinal lumen

Front 11

Lumimal transporter of glucose and galactose

Back 11

2nd active transport

SGLT1

Front 12

Facilitated diffusion transport for fructose into the enterocyte

Back 12

Glut5

Front 13

Transporter for carbohydrates from enterocytes to capillaries

Back 13

GLUT 2

Front 14

Indicates how fast a carbohydrate is absorbed compared to glucose/galactose

Back 14

Glycemic index

Front 15

What type of metabolic pathway?

Krebs cycle

Back 15

Amphibolic

Front 16

What's the secondary messenger?

cAMP

Back 16

Glucagon

Epinephrine B, alpha 2

Front 17

What's the secondary messenger?

IP3/DAG

Back 17

Epinephrine

Alpha 1

Front 18

What's the secondary messenger?

Tyrosine kinase

Back 18

Insulin

Front 19

Location of GLUT 5 transporter

Back 19

Lumen of small intestine

Front 20

Location of GLUT 3 transporter

Back 20

Brain

Kidney

Placenta

Front 21

Type of GLUT transporter seen in liver and pancreatic B cell

Back 21

GLUT 2

Front 22

Type of GLUT transporter seen in heart and adipose tissue

Back 22

GLUT 4

Front 23

Where dose glycolysis occur?

Back 23

Cytoplasm

All cells

Front 24

Glycolysis:

Substrate?

End-product?

Back 24

Glucose

Pyruvate and lactate

Front 25

Rate limiting step of glycolysis

Back 25

Frutose-6-phosphate > F-1,6-BP

Phosphofructokinase 1

Front 26

End product of:

Aerobic glycolysis?

Anaerobic glycolysis?

Back 26

Pyruvate

Lactate

Front 27

Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate by?

Back 27

Hexokinase

Front 28

Positive effector for phosphofructokinase 1

Back 28

Phosphofructokinase 2

Front 29

Pyruvate in glycolysis is derived from?

Back 29

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Front 30

2 inhibitors of phosphorylation of PEP

Back 30

Inc glucagon

Inc cAMP

Front 31

2 steps in glycolysis in ATP

Back 31

1,3 biphosphoglycerate > 3-phosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase)

PEP > pyruvate

Front 32

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate changing to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate generates what?

Back 32

1 NADH

Front 33

2 shuttles which assists NADH to pass through the mitochondria

Back 33

Malate-Aspartate: 1 NADH = 3 ATP

Glycerol-Phosphate: 1 NADH = 2 ATP

Front 34

5 strictly glycolytic organs

Back 34

RBC

Lens and cornea

Kidney medulla

Testes

WBC

Front 35

Found in RBC where phosphoglycerate kinase is bypassed

Reduces Hg affinity to O2

Back 35

2,3-biphosphoglycerate

Front 36

MC enzyme defect in glycosis

Back 36

Pyruvate kinase

Front 37

4 alternate fates of pyruvate

Back 37

Lactate *anaerobic glycolysis

Oxaloacetate *gluconeogenesis

Acetyl COA *citric acid cycle

Ethanol *fermentation

Front 38

5 coenzymes needed to convert pyruvate to acetyl-COA

Back 38

Thiamine pyrophosphate, B1

FAD, B2

NAD+, B3

Coenyzme A (panthothenic acid), B5

Lipoic acid

*pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Front 39

MC biochemical cause of congenital lactic acidosis

Back 39

Pyruvate hydrogenase deficiency

TX: ketogenic acid

Front 40

What vitamin is deficient in chronic alcoholism?

Back 40

Thiamine

Front 41

What type of glycosidic bonds for:

Elongation?

Branching?

Back 41

a(1-4)

a(1-6)

Front 42

3 substrates in glycogenesis

Back 42

UDP glucose

ATP, UTP

Glycogenin

Front 43

Rate limiting step in glycogenesis

Back 43

Glycogen synthase

Elongation of glycogen

Front 44

Enzyme used to generate activated form of clucose

Back 44

UDP glucose phosphorylase

Front 45

Enzyme responsible for forming a(1-6) bonds by transferring 5-8 glucosyl residues

Back 45

Branching enzyme

Front 46

What reaction?

Shortening of glycogen chains to produce molecules of a-D-glucose

Back 46

Glycogenolysis

Front 47

Substrate for glycogenolysis

Back 47

Glycogen

Limit dextrin

Front 48

Rate limiting step of glycogenolysis

Back 48

Removal of a(1-4)

Glycogen phosphorylase

Front 49

Products of glycogenolysis

Back 49

Glucose-1-phosphate

Free glucose

Front 50

Phosphoglucomutase is used in what part of glycogenolysis?

Back 50

Gluc-1-P to glucose-6-P

Front 51

Enzyme for lysosomal degradation of glycogen

Back 51

Acid maltase

Front 52

What condition?

Glu-6-phosphatase deficient

Hepatomegaly

Lactic acidosis

Back 52

Von Gierke's

Front 53

What condition?

Pompe's

Cardiomegaly

Back 53

Acid maltase

*lysosomes

Front 54

What condition?

Milder form of Type 1

Debranching enzyme

Back 54

Cori's

Front 55

Debranching enzyme

Transfers the limit dextrin

Back 55

a(1-4) glucantransferase

Front 56

Debranching enzyme which removes a free glucose by breaking the a(1-6) bond

Back 56

Amylo-a(1-6)-glucosidase

Front 57

What condition?

Muscle cramps

Myoglobinuria

Affects skeletal muscle

Back 57

McArdles

Glycogen phosphorylase

Front 58

Enzyme needed to generate activated form of galactose

Back 58

Galactokinase-1-P uridyl transferase

Front 59

What corresponding reaction?

Aldose A?

Aldose B?

Back 59

Glycolysis

Fructose metabolism

Front 60

What is deficient in fructose intolerance?

Back 60

Aldose B

Hypoglycemia

Front 61

Enzyme found in seminal vesicles

which helps develop fuel of sperm

Back 61

Sorbitol dehydrogenaze

Front 62

Aldose reductase is for?

Found in lens, retina, Schwann cells

Back 62

Glucose to sorbitol

Front 63

What process?

Produces NADPH, Ribose-5-phosphate, 5-carbon sugars

Back 63

Pentose phosphate pathway

Front 64

PPP substrate

Back 64

Glucose-6-phosphate

Front 65

Rate limiting step in PPP

Back 65

Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase

Front 66

2 phases in PPP and key enzymes

Back 66

Oxidative, g-1-p dehydrogenase

Non-oxidative, transketolases

Front 67

Necessary cofactor in transketolases

Back 67

Thiamine

RBC transketolase activity

Front 68

Most important intermediate of PPP

Used in the synthesis of nucleotides

Back 68

Ribose-5-phosphate

Front 69

Enzyme used by G-SH to remove H2O2

Back 69

Glutathione peroxidase

Front 70

MC disease producing enzyme abnormality in humans

Back 70

Glucose-1-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Front 71

Etiology of chronic granulomatous disease

Back 71

Catalase positive bacteria

Front 72

Deficient enzyme in chronic granulomatous disease

Back 72

NADPH oxidase

Front 73

Chemical formula of linoleic acid

Back 73

18:2; 9,12

Front 74

Chemical formula of arachidonic acid

Back 74

20:4; 5,8,11,14

Front 75

What FA?

18:3; 9,12,15

Back 75

Linolenic acid

Front 76

What enzyme activates fatty acids?

Back 76

Fatty acyl-COA synthetase

Coenzyme A/Pantothenic acid

Front 77

Product of lipogenesis

Back 77

Palmitate only

Front 78

Rate limiting of lipogenesis

Back 78

Acety-COA carboxylase

Biotin