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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organ produces bile?
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the liver
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(T/F) Bile contains enzymes
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False; bile emulsifies fats, breaking down large globules into small droplets.
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What is the function of the small intestine?
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it's where chemical digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed.
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Function of the large intestine?
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absorption of salts and water.
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Function of gall bladder?
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stores the bile prior to its release in the small intestine.
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Function of the pancreas?
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produces digestive enzymes (eg. amylase, trypsin, and lipase) and hormones (e.g. insulin and glucagon)
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Where are red blood cells produced in the fetus?
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the liver
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In adult cells, where are red blood cells produced?
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bone marrow.
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What does the spleen store?
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it stores a volume of blood and filters it but doesn't produce it.
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What does the liver do pertaining to blood?
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it removes foreign material and detoxifies chemical in the blood.
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What does the heart do pertaining to blood?
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it provides the pressure that enables the blood to travel throughout the body.
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(T/F) Sympathetic nervous system causes bronchial dilation.
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True; it increases respiration.
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(T/F) Sympathetic NS increases blood to the skeletal muscles and away from the digestive organs.
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True.
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What is epinephrine known as and what organ releases it?
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adrenaline;
its released by the adrenal medulla. |
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Epinephrine is a peptide hormone is steroid?
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Peptide hormone;
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Where are steroid hormones produced?
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adrenal cortex
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(T/F) The SA node is functionally dependent upon nervous stimulation as this tissue initiates the heartbeat
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false; it is not functionally dependent upon the nervous system! Though it can be modified by the nervous system.
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What is a reflex arc?
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- a stimulis coupled to a rapid motor trdpondr; its meant for quickness or protection.
- process requires no input from the brain. - a minimum of 3 neurons must participate. |
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What do the filaments in skeletal muscles require to slide along each other and shorten during contraction?
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ATP.
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(T/F) Each muscle cell/fiber is innervated by a branch of the nerve innervating this muscle.
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True;
- the axon releases an AP to each muscle fiber. - this AP can't pass from one muscle fiber t another. - When this AP reaches the muscle fiber, it causes the release of Ca2+ from the SR to initiate teh sliding of the actin and myosin filaments. |
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When an AP reaches the muscle fiber (from axon), it causes what?
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the release of Ca2+ from the SR to initiate the sliding of the actin and myosin filaments.
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(T/F) The liber sores bile.
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False; the liber is responsible for the SYNTHESIS of bile.
- The GALL BLADDER stores the bile until it's needed. |
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(T/F) The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen.
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True.
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What does bile do?
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It emulsifies fat.
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The liver removes bacteria and bilirium from the blood stream?
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True;
- bilirubin is utilized in the formation of bile salts. |
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(T/F) The liver stores sugar as glycogen.
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True; the liver is a biochemical factory that stores sugar as glycogen in response to insulin levels;
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What signals the liver to break down glycogen to glucose?
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glucagon and epinephrine
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(T/F) The liver converts excess amino acids to glucose, fats, and ammonia; and converts ammonia to urea for excretion.
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True.
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What does the pancreas secrete?
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it secretes proteases:
- lipases, and amylase, which aid in the digestion of food; - and bicarbonate ions which buffer the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach. |
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Acetylcholine
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- neurotransmitter found in neuromuscular junctions and synpases.
- Other NTs found in these locations include: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. |
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(T/F) Acetylcholine inhibits AP transmission.
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False; it causes an AP.
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What is the purpose of bile?
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it emulsifies fats to increase the surface area of the fat molecules so that lipases can break them down.
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What is the cartilaginous structure that prevents food from going dwon the trachea?
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the epiglottis;
it closes off the respiratory tract and covers the glottis which is the opening at the top of the trachea. |
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What is the voice box known as and where is it located?
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it's known as the larynx and its located below the glottis.
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What is the esophageal splinter known as?
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the cardiac sphingcter;
it separates the esophagus from the stomach. |
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(T/F) A nucleoside doesn't contain the phosphate group, just the nitrogenous base and sugar.
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True.
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What make up nucleotides?
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- a nitrogenous base: guanine, uracil, adenine, cytosine, or thymine
- a sugar: either ribose or deoxyribose - phosphate group |
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(T/F) Carbohydrates are only sugars.
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true.
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(T/F) Fats are glycerols and three fatty acids.
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True.
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(T/F) Priteins are only linked amino acids and don't contain anything found in a nucleotide.
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TRUE.
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What is the most efficient catabolic pathway used by organisms to harvest the energy stored in glucose.
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Cellular respiration;
whereas glycolysis yields only two ATP per molecule of glucose, cellular respiration can yield 36-38 ATP. |
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(T/F) Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration b/c glucose molecules are incompletely oxidized.
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True;
cellular respiration is an aerobic process; oxygen acts as the final acceptor of electrons that are passed from carrier to carrier during the final stage of glucose oxidation. |
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Myosin fibers are (thick/thin) fibers; and actin fibers are (thick/thin) fibers.
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thick; thin
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(T/F) During muscle contraction, myosin and actin fibers shrink in size.
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False; neither one of the fibers shrinks in size.
- The muscle cell itself will shrink in size b/c the fibers slide past each other; thereby causing a decrease in the size of the muscle cell, and therefore a contraction of the muscle. |
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(T/F) The liver forms urea from the metabolism of excess amino acids.
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True;
the amino groups, which are removed from the amino acids, are combined with CO2 through a series of reactions to form the moderately toxic waste product urea. |
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Where does the pancreatic ducts from the pancreas lead to?
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- the duodenum;
- they carry pancreatic enzymes, including pancreatic amylase, lipase, and some proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, from the pancreas to the duodenum. - pancreatic duct also delivers bicarbonate, which is contained in the pancreatic secretions, whcih helps to neutralize acidic stomach contents as they enter the duodenum. |
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(T/F) Hormones produced by hte pancreas pass through the pancreatic ducts.
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FALSE! Hormones are secreted directly into the blood stream.
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Why is the pancreas a dual organ?
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It produces both enzymes and hormones. Therfore a tying off of the pancreatic ducts will not affect the product of pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon (b/c these are secreted directly into the bloodstream).
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what is acromegaly the result of?
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- excessive secretion of growth hormone in an adult.
- it causes excessive bone growth of some facial bones, and the result is characteristic distorted facial appearance. |
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What organ is the parathyroid hormone secreted from; and what is its function?
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- it's secreted by the parathyroid gland;
- its function is to increase blood calcium through removal of calcium from bones and other calcium-containing tissues. - the removal of calcium from bones is primarily done by osteoclasts, which are bone-absorbing cells. |
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What is the "antagonist" hormone to paratyroid hormone; and what does it do?
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calcitonin;
it's secreted by the thyroid gland it reduces blood calcium by depositing it into bone and other calcium containing tissue. |
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glucagon is from where and what does it do?
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- the alpah cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas;
- it raises blood glucose. |
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Where is aldosterone secreted and what does it do?
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adrenal cortex;
it increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys |
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ADH and vasopressin's function?
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to increase reabsorption in the collecting tubules of the kidneys.
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hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of what?
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- temperature regulation
- sleep/wake cycles - water and salt balance - hunger - it also produces factors that control the secretions of the anterior pituitary. |
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What is the medulla involved in?
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such basic function as regulation of heart rate and breathing.
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Pons
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- contains tracts that connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain
- also works in conjunction with the medulla in controlling breathing rate. |
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cerebrum is in charge of what functions?
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memory, conscious through, voluntary motor activity, and the interpretation of sensation
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pinear glands secret what?
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hormone melatonin, which is involved in the control of circadian rhythms and which also may be involved in sexual maturation.
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What is pepsin?
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its a proteolytic enzyme that works in the acidic environment of the stomach.
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(T/F) Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by storing it in bone and other tissue.
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True.
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ATP synthesis occurs where in the cell?
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in the matrix (Krebs cycle), inner mitochondrial membrane (ETC), and in the cytoplasm (glycolysis).
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Where does fatty acid degradation occur?
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in microbodies called peroxisomes which break down fat into smaller molecules to use as fuel.
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Where specifically does the Krebs cycle occur?
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The mitochondrial matrix.
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How does the Krebs cycle begin?
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- when acetyl CoA combines with OAA to form citrate.
- then a cmoplicated series of reactions follows which results in the release of 2CO2 and the regeneration of OAA. |
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How does blastulation begin?
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when the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel, whcih by the fourth day of human development will become a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula.
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What is the morula?
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Solid ball of cells that results from the early stages of cleavage in an embryo.
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Gastrula
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the embryonic stage characterized by the presence of endoderm, ectoderm, the blastocoel and the archenteron.
- the early gastrula is two-layered; - later a 4rd layer, the mesoderm develops. |
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Which of the following is NOT a metabolic waste product?
a. CO2 b. lactate c. H2O d. pyruvate E. ammonia |
Pyruvate is an intermediate of cellular respiration, and is either anareobically converted into the waste product lactate or further metabolized into wastes CO2 and H2O. PYRUVATE IS NOT A WASTE PRODUCT.
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Is ammonia a metabolic waste product and why?
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Yes it is. Ammonia is the waste product of protein metabolism.
- It's converted to the less toxic urea in the liver, and removed by the kidneys. - If ammonia is not converted and cleared, it can cause the blood to become alkaline, which is potentially fatal. |
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(T/F) Mitochondria are different from other organelles in that they are semiautonomous; that is they contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes, which enables them to produce some of their own proteins and to self-replicate binary fission.
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True.
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Hyperthyrodisim results in an excess of throxin and other thyroid hormones. What are characteristics of hyperthyrodism?
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These hormones increase basal metabolic rate and blood pressure. Patients with hyperthyrodism are often characterized by sensitivity to heat and nervousness.
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What are energy storage molecules located in muscle fibers?
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ATP and phosphocreatine.
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(T/F) Lactose is a disaccharide known as milk sugar made up of glucose and galactose.
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True.
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