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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the 5 physical methods of microbial death/or slow growth?
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1) Heat
2) Cold 3) Filtration 4) Drying 5) Radiation |
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3 different ways heat can be used in microbial death?
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1) Moist - autoclave; kills everything (sterilization)
2) Dry - Flaming; less effecient 3) Pasteurization - heat up to 63C for about 30 min; kills off most human pathogens |
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process of cold meathod is also called?
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Bacteriostat
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explain filtration, as in a short essay?
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passage of fluid/gas through a sieve designed to trap particles (cells or viruses) and separtate them from fluid/gas.
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when would filtration be a possible method of removal of microbes?
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used to sterilize such heat senstive materials as opthalmic solutions, antibiotics, cvaccines, liquid vitamins, enzymes, and culture media
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why does drying work as a method of physically destroying microbes?
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removal of water inhibits cellular metabolism because enzymes are fully functional only in aqueous environments
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what are the two types of Radiation that can be used as a physical method of microbial death?
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1) Ionizing
2) Non-Ionizing |
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what is the difference of two types of radiation?
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Ionizing - damages DNA (in food) by use of X-rays
Non-Ionizing - damages DNA and Proteins by use of UV radiation. |
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explain how Ionizing radiation works?
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x-ray wavelengths stike molecules, they have a suffiecint energy to eject electrons from atoms, creating ions
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explain how Non-Ionizing radiation works?
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UV radiation contains enough energy to excite electrons and cause them to make a new covalent bond - affect 3D struture of proteins and nucleic acids
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what are the 7 types of chemical Methods of microbial death?
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1) Phenols/Biguanides
2) Halogens 3) Alcohol 4) Surface agents 5) Quats 6) Aldehydes 7) Peroxides |
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how do and what are examples of Phenols/Biguanides?
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they denature enzymes, and injure plasma membranes
Listeren, surgical Lysol scrubs |
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how do and what are examples of Halogens?
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kill viruses; strong oxidizers - lose e-, also loosing H making molecules not functional anymore.
Betadines, chlorine |
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how do and what are examples of alchol?
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70-95% alcohol to be effecive
destroys lipids, and plasma enzymes |
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how do and what are examples of surface agents?
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Mechanical removal - not as effective as other methods
soaps and etergents |
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how do and what are examples of Quats?
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destroys cell membranes (Gram negative bacteria)
Scope, foaming mouthwash |
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how do and what are examples of Aldehydes?
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denature proteins and nuclic acids
these kill spores Ethylene oxide, disinfectant and embalming fluid *cancer causing - not commonly used method |
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how do and what are examples of Peroxides?
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destroy dysulfide bridges; denature proteins by braking up dysolfide bonds
Benzoyl peroxide (acne medicine) |
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explain
Super Infection |
infection caused by the removal of normal microbes so pathogens thrive
they kill off competition |
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explain
Broad-spectrum antibiotic |
an antimicrobial agent which attacks a wide variety of microbes
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explain
Synergy |
two antimicrobial work best when used together
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explain
Nucleoside analogy |
kills viruses
mimics precurses to DNA (will mimic a G,C,T,A) |
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explain
Antibiotic |
antimocrobial that is produced by a mold or naturally
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explain
Antimicrobial |
senthetically or naturally occuring
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5 causes for antibiotic resistance?
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1) overuse and misuse of antibiotics
2) use of antibiotics as a precaustion 3) failure of patients to follow tx 4) antibiotics in animal feed 5) world travel |
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4 ways antimicrobial drugs work?
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1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2) Interference with cell membrane function 3) Inhibition of protein synthesis 4) Interference with nucleic acid syntheis |
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how does selective toxicity work?
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*focus to kill invader without killing the host
*taking advantage/disadvantage of bacteria and host |
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what is an example of an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis and how does it work?
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Penicillin
Beta-Lactam Ring: stops petidogylcan cross bridges from being formed - effects Gram Positive bacteria (we do not have peptidoglcan) |
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what enzyme is resistan to Penicillin?
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Beta-Lactamas
enzyme that breaks down Beta-Lactam ring |
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2 different antimicrobials used in interfering with cell membrane function?
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Polymyxins and Tyrocidins
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explain how Polymyxins are used to interfere with cell membrane function?
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insert themselve into plasma membrane - punching holes into them causing cell rupture
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what are the drawbacks of using Polymyxins and why?
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human cells contain cell membranes - can cause liver damage
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how is Tyrocidin used, how does it work, and what are the drawbacks to the antimicrobial
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topical application to rupture membrans of microbes. Highly toxic and can cause skin infections.
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4 medication that inhibit protein synthesis?
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1) tetracycline
2) erthyromycine 3) streptomycine 4) chloramphenicol |
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explain what tetracyline does.
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inhibits protein synthesis - blocks docking site of tRNA
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explain what erythromycine does.
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inhibits protein synthesis - bind to ribosomes physically stops it from moving down RNA
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explain what streptomycine does.
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inhibits protein synthesis - causes mRNA to be miss read, with wrong protein
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explain what chloramphenicol does.
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inhibits protein synthesis - stops peptid bonds from being formed - last resort
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of the 4 medications that inhibit protein synthesis, which are classified as broad spectrum?
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tetracycline and erthyromycine
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what medication interferes with nucleic acid synthesis?
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Rifampin
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what does Rifampin do?
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interfers with nucleic acid synthesis -
blocks transcription, mRNA can not be made |
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what two diseases is Rifampin rx for?
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TB and minigities
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what is an example of an antivial agent?
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Acyclovir
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what is Acyclovir and what does it do?
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antiviral agent -
blocks DNA replication; nucleoside anologe |
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Acyclovir is rx for ?
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Herpes virus
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8 key elements that make a virus a virus?
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1) oblige intrecellular parisit
2) few or no enzymes for metabolism 3) cannot make protein 4) cannot make ATP 5) must use host machinery to replicate 6) only has either DNA or RNA 7) protein coat surrounds nucleic acid 8) ALL transfer DNA or RNA to other cells |
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3 viral components
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nucleic acid
capsid envelope |
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what 4 things can viral nucleic acid be?
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DNA
RNA single strand double strand |
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capsid is what?
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a protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid
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what makes up the viral capsid
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capsomeres
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what is an envelope when talking about viruses?
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portion of membrane system of host cell aquired during viral replication or release - composed of phospholipid bilayer and protein of host cell
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3 shapes of viruses
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Helical
complex polyhedral |
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Helical refers to?
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capsomers bond together in spiral fasion to form tube around the nucleic acid
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Attachment occures with bacteriophage, where/how?
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via tail fibers to cell wall
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attachment occures with animal virus, where/ how?
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attach to plasma membrane
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penetration occurs with bacteriophage how?
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Injection - capsid doesn't enter
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Penetration occurs with animal virus, how?
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capsid enters by endocytosis or fusion
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uncoating occurs with bacteriophage?
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None - it doesn't
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Uncoating occurs with animal virus how?
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Enzymes remove capsid
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Biosynthesis in bacteriophage occurs where?
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in cytoplasm
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Biosynthesis in animal virus occurs where?
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in nucleus (DNA) or cytoplams (RNA)
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Chronic infections occurs bacteriophage?
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Lysogeny
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chronic infection occus in animal virus?
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Latency, slow viral infection
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How does release occurs in bacteriophage?
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Hose cell lysed
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How does release occur in animal virus?
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Enveloped viruses bud, non-enveloped viruses rupture plasma membrane
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4 specific things about normal body flora
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1) compete for nutrients
2) can affect pH 3) affect amount of O2 4) generate compounds (bactereocidins) |
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2 kinds of "disease"
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non-communicable and communicable
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explain non-communicable disease
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disease that is not easisily pass to other people
botcholism |
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explain Opportunisitic pathogen
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an organism that thrives when normal flora die
example Candida albicans (yeast infection) |
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explain Communicable disease
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spread easily
example - TB, Measels, Herpies, flu |
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3 types of infectious disease
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1) acute disease
2) chronic disease 3) latent disease |
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explain acute disease
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disease that develops quicky and runs it course quickly
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explain chronic disease
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disease which developes more slowly, persist longer period of time
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explain latent disease
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Herpies, infection followup /c inactive chickenpox
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what are the 5 stages of infectious disease
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1) Incubation period - no s/s
2) Prodromal phase - vague, general symptoms 3) Invase phase - most severe s/s 4) declice phase - declining s/s 5) convalescence period - no s/s |
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what stages are the most contagious
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2,3,4; prodromal, invasive and decline stages
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what is nosocomial infection?
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hospital aquired infections
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what percent of all pt aquire nosocomial infection?
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5- - 15% of all patients
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how many pt die each year of nosocomial infections
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20,000 people
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explain portals of entry for disease
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disease has to get into cause damage and evade the immune system
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what are "capsules"?
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polysaccharide coating on the outside of the cell wall and membrane
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how is a capsule different from a spore?
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capsules are still living and multiplying; stop phagocyctosis from happening
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how is a cell wall a defense for envading?
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mycobacterium waxy coating that doesn't get phagocised
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what do hemolysins do?
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break down red blood cells
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difference between alpha hemolysins and beta hemolysins?
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Alpha - not a virulent and only break down part of the cell
Beta - completely break down the red blood cells |
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what do Leukocidin enzymes do?
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break down white blood cells
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what do coagulases do?
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enzymes that clots blood cells, and walls itself off from the immune system
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what does Kinase do?
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disolves clots and allows the bacteria to get in the blood stream and then goes through out the body
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what are bacterial toxins?
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bacteria that form toxins ar the ones that make us sick
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what is the percent of toxings that damage cell membrane?
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40 %
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what are the 7 bacterial toxins we studied?
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1) exotoxins
2) cytoxins 3) Neurotoxins 4) enterotoxins 5) endotoxins 6) plasmid toxins 7) phage genes |
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what are specifics of Exotoxins?
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going to be release while bacteria cell is living
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specificis of Cytoxins?
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kill the cells completly - Diphtheria
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specifics of Neurotoxins?
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interfere with nerve transmissions - Botox
Tetnis in a state of contraction all the time |
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specifics of Enterotoxins?
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are going to affect the lining of the GI tract
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specifics of endotoxins?
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only released when the bacteria cell is dead - they start causing chills, fever, and shock. ALL are Gram Negative
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specifics of Plasmid toxins?
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need plasmids to be able to cause an infection
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specifics of Phage genes?
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carried by the phage to infect. Has toxins in their DNA and is transferred to the bacteria
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antigens
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anything foreign in the body
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6 types of non-specific defense
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1) physical barriers
2) chemical barriers 3) cellular defenses 4) inflammation 5) fever 6) molecular defenses |
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what are you first lines of defense.
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physical and chemical barriers
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what is your third line of defense?
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specific immune responses that form antibodies and t-cells
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how is skin antimicrobial?
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dry - bacteria love wet, and skin sloughs off and bacteria get swept away
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how are lysozomes a chemical barrier
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able to break down gramnegative cell walls
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Sebum - how does it work at a chemical barrier
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oil on skin contains an antimicrobial
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sweat - how does it work as a chemical barrier
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high in salt and it kills bacteria
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4 elements to respritory system that act as barriers
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1) hair in nose, and ciliated cells in trachea filters
2) mucus - traps anything foreign 3) epiglotis covers airway when you eat adn keeps microbes out of your lungs 4) gastric juices when you swallow mucus it kills it |
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uro-genital system works as a barrier, how?
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urninary tract flushes stuff out. Secretions from the vagina also get rid of bacteria
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Pluripotent stem cells?
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all white blood cells or all cells come from stem cells
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3 types of granulocytes
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1) basophiles - release histamines
2) neutrophils - phagocytes 3) eosinophils - phagocytosis involved with parasitic worm infections |
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difference between agranulocytes and granulocytes?
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angranulocytes do not have specs were as granulocytes when they are stained they look like they have specs of sand allover it
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example of an agranulocytes is?
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Monocytes - immature macrophages
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what are Opsonins?
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antibody coat that help with adhesive they make sticky
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Phagocytosis phases are refered to as?
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Seatch and Destroy
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what are the 5 phases of phagocytosis?
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1) Chemotaxis
2) Adherence 3) Ingestion 4) Digestion 5) Elimination |
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what does chemotaxis do?
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Chemotaxis is when macrophages sense bacteria and go after it
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what happens in the adherence phase?
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bacteria sticks to the macrophages
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what happens int he ingestion phase of phagocytosis?
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bacteria is stuck and the macrophage engulfs bacteria phagosome
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what happens during the elimination phase?
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all the bacteria are released via exocytosis
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what happens during th edigestion phase of phagocytosis
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chews up bacteria; phagosome fuses to a lysome and becomes a phagolysome.
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what does the microbe Chlamydia do?
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Chlamydia is a bacteria inside cells stop that phagosome from binding with a lysome
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7 steps of inflammation /c bacteria
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1) redness
2) pain 3) swelling 4) heat 5) wants to destroy agent of injury 6) wall off agent or injury 7) repair any tissue |
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what does histoamine do to blood?
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increase blood vessels permeability - makes vesssels leaky
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what is Kinnis?
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increase permeability and vasodilation
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Prostaglandins?
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help the white blood cells squeeze through gaps in blood vessels
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Leukotrienes
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help phagocyte attach to bacteria, also increase blood vessels permeability
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how fast is the migration of phagocytes?
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they get to the injry within an hour
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Emigration
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blood cells getting to injury site and squeezing through capillaries, Monocyte and Neutrophils
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what are the 3 elements of a fever?
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1) Interleukin-1 - came from macrophage, into blood stream
2) hits Hypothalamus - release protoglandin 3) progoglandins reset interrnal thermostate to increase body temp |
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pros and cons of fever?
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Pros - 1) body makes temp. to inhibit bacterial growth
2) antiviral proteins - temp could intensivfy effects 3) metabolic reason - reactions can speak up repair processes cons - high temp can damage body over long period of time |
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Interferons
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to interfer /c viral replications and overall synthesis of virus
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Anti-viral proteins
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cell will produce interferons - released to act on neighboring cells not yet infected - neighboring cell will synthesis AVP, if cells gets infected, virus will not replicate
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Gramma cell is different than Alpha and Beta how?
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cell producing AVP does not need to be infected by virus to produce interferon
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Complement referse to ? in regards to melecular defenses
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20 different proteins from blood plasm which signal cascade of events in the immune system
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explain Classical pathway of complement
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bacteria bound /c antibitics (opsonization)
c1 proeins will bind to antibody antigen complex c1 causes c2 & c4 to split c2a and c4b will cleave c3 c3a & c3b start effects c3b cleaves c5 c5b,c6,c7,and c8 bind together to form complex c9 punch hold causes cytolysis |
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what 2 things does c3a do?
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increases blood vessel permeability and chemotactic atraction of phagocytes
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what is the main event of c3b
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opsonization
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how is alternative pathway different than classic pathway?
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alternative pathway outcome the same, but no antibodies were needed to start the process
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explain nuclic acid of HIV
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single stranded RNA viruses -
sense RNA |
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what are the cellular targes of HIV
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the immune system - specificaly T4 - cd4, macrophages, and leangerhans (epidermis, skin, no blood cells)
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what are the 2 strains of HIV
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clades1 - HIV most common in US, 15-20% variability of mutations
clades2 - WEstern Arican - longer incubation time,not as pathogenic |
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routs of tranmission of HIV
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body fluid contact - sexual, vaginal oral anul
sharing needles receive or give blood tranfusion passage from mother to child |
