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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phylum Annelida
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9000 species,evolved 570mya, proposed that they developed from an acoelomate flatworm ancestor.
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Class Polychaeta
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Clamworms
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Class Oligochaeta
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Earthworms
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Class Hirudinea
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Leeches
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Metamerism
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True segmental divison, external grooves, internal septa.
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
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body fluids act as support
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Cuticle
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on the surface of the annelid, a tough skin or cuticle with hard bristles
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Straight Digestive Tract
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A "more-or-less" straight digestive tract running from the mouth to the anus
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Closed Circulatory System
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blood is confined to vessels
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Segmented Nervous System
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nervous system consists of the brain (couple of big ganglia) and two ventral nerve cords with a pair of ganglia in each segment
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ganglia
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clumps of nervous tissue
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parapodia
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fleshy lobes for gas exchange; extended from body segments
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chaetae (setae)
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bristles on parapodia. these are used for locomotion
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pharynx
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first part of the digestive tract leading from the mouth
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esophagus
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part of the digestive tract leading from the pharynx that opens into the intestine
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stomach/intestine
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structure where digestion and absorption takes place. Found following the esophagus
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ventral nerve cord
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structure that carries nerve impulses back and forth from the brain through the length of the worm
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nephridia
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excretory system, (like tiny kidney tubes) one per segment
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gonochoristic
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reproduce sexually (i.e. there are both male and female worms)
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clitellum
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swollen glandular area that secretes a slimy material to form a cover for the eggs during reproduction
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Crop
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Thin-walled storage chamber for food recieved from esophagus
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Gizzard
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Muscular chamber that grinds the food; follows the crop
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Suprapharyngeal Ganglion
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A mass of nerve cells above the pharynx and connected by nerve chords and subpharygal ganglion below. Thus, the gut passes through the "brain"
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Pseuohearts
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five pairs of lateral blood vessels that are specialized to pump the blood
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Hermaphroditic
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have both male and female organs
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seminal vesicles
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aids in fertilization of the earthworm
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somites
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body segments, plainly visible in annelids. Inside the body the segments are separated by membranes called septa
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esophageal caecum
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secretes enzymes and increases surface area for digestion
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dorsal blood vessel
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structure through which blood flows anteriorly, found above the digestive tract
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ventral blood vessel
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structure through which blood flows posteriorly, found beneath the digestive tract
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Dorsal ganglion
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bilobed structure that coordinates nervous function. found in the prostomium; "the brain"
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Antennae
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(tentacles)...sense organs for touch and taste. found on the prostomium
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Cirri
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long bristles serving as organs of touch near the anus
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Lateral Vessels
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branched structures that supply each segment with blood. connect dorsal and ventral vessels in each segment
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Segmental Ganglion
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small masses of nerve cells in each segment which coordinate activities in each segment
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prostomium
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the first fleshy lobe of the head lying in front of the mouth. it has numerous sensory organs including eyes and tentacles or antennae
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Phylum Arthropoda
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1 million species evolved at least 400mya
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Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
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trilobites...extinct
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Class Merostomata
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(xiphosurida)...horshoe crabs
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Class Eurypterida
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sea scorpions
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Class Arachnida
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spiders, scorpions, mites, etc.
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Subphylum Crustacea
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over 26,000 species, most found in class malacostraca
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Class Malacostraca
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crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc.
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Class Insecta
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(hexapoda)...grashoppers, bees, fruit flies, etc.
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Jointed Appendages
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arthro = jointed, poda = appendages...all arthropods possess jointed appendages adaptable to a variety of habitats
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Metamerism (arthropod)
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consists of a series of segments...each arthropod segment bairs a pari of appendages
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Regional Speciation
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groups of segments have fused together to form units called the head, thorax, and abdomen.
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Chitinous Exoskeleton
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a tough, horny inegument called chitin covers the arthropod. (exoskeleton!)
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Open Circulatory System
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blood flows from a heart and arteries into blood where it bathes tissue directly
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Segmented Nervous system
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brain and ventral nerve cord with ganglionic swelling in each segment. (same basic plan as annelids)
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Sexual Dimorphism
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males and females have different body forms. (common in arthropods)
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carapace
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hard shell that covers the exterior of the chephalothorax
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antennae (arthropod)
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sensory organs for taste and touch; found dorsally at the anterior end of the cephalothorax
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chelipeds
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claws or pincers for feeding and fighting, underneath the carapace of the thorax; first pair of legs
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walking legs
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four pairs of legs used for locomotion; found underneath the carapace of the thorax
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swimmerets
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five pairs of appendages that aid in respiration and reproduction, found on the ventral side of the abdomen; sexually dimorphic; males' first pair is stiff and red; female swimmerets are all identical
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esophagus
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tube leading from the mouth; opens in cardiac stomach
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cardiac stomach
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structure with tiny calcified teeth used for grinding food; empties into the more posterior pyloric stomach
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pyloric stomach
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digestive chamber where further digestion takes place; empties into intestine
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intestine
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structure where absorption takes place; found following the stomach
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digestive gland
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secretes enzymes and absorbs food.
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gills
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feathery structures used in gas exchange, found under the carapace and rostrum
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heart
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structure that pumps the blood; found dorsally in the cephalothorax
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green glands
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paired glands taht secrete urine (in the form of ammonia) found in the head near the mouth
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gonochoristic
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seperate sexes, reproduce through copulation (physical act of mating)
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gonads
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structures that produce gametes (testes or ovaries); found anterior to and slightly below the heart
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spiracles (arthropods)
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pairs of openings into the tubular gas exchange system along the sides of the animals; found on the last two subsections of the thorax and the first eight segments of the abdomen
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tympanum
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structure that serves as and ear drum; found on the first segment of the abdomen
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ovipositor
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structure responsible for laying eggs; the last three segments of the abdomen in females
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crop
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structure that stores food, found following the esophagus
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stomach
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structure where further digestion takes place; found following the crop
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cephalothorax
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the anterior rigid part of the 2 main sections of the crayfish
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abdomen
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posterior jointed part of the 2 main sections of the crayfish
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antennules
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smaller sensory organs for taste and touch; near the antennae
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mandible
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sturdy jaws, surrounding the mouth
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ventral nerve cord
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structure that transmists nerve impulses from above ganglia posteriorly along the inner ventral surface
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gastric caeca
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six double finger-shaped pouches connecting to the gut after the crop; secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs food
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thorax
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one of the three main sections of the grasshopper
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compound eyes
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complex light-sensitive sensory organs on the dorsal side of the head.
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ocelli
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three sensory organs that serve as simple eyes; between the compound eyes
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sensory palps
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slender structures used to feel and taste food
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trachae
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internal gas exchange feature of the grasshopper
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malpighian tubules
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many tubular structures that remove waste from the body fluids and empty them into the digestive tract and eventually out the anus
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cervical groove
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a tansverse groove on the carapace that separates the dorsal and ventral surface
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telson
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central flap of tail found at the end of the abdomen
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uropods
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side flaps on either side of the telson
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rostrum
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pointed structure of anterior end of the carapace; posterior to the antennae and antennules
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maxillae
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small, feathery appendages that manipulate food; directly cover the mandibles
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maxillipeds
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large appendages that manipulate food
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mandibular muscle
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muscle that controls the mandible
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supraesophageal ganglion
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structure that coordinates nervous function ("brain"); found above the esophagus in the head
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subesophageal ganglion
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coordinating center for mouth, esophagus, green glands and anterior muscles
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segmental ganglia
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ganglia found in each segment that transmits nerve impulses from nerve cord to the organs in that segment
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clypeus
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broad plate that is a protective structure over the mouth
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labrum
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broad upper lip hinged to clypeus which functions in eating
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