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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Electromagnetic Sprectrum
Energy; particles called photons that travel in waves.
Electromagnetic Spectrum characteristics (3)
Shorter the wavelength; more energy
Wavelengths range from .001 nm (gamma rays) to >1,000 m (radio waves)
The Magnetic field of our planet protects us from gamma rays of the sun.
Visible Light
Portion of E. Spectrum that humans can detect.
750nm-380nm
ROYGBIV
White Light and Black Light
All light being Reflected; All light being absorbed.
Pigment
Captured solar energy by a molecule that changes the color of reflected light. (Ex. Tan)
Pigments are located in specific organelles called ______
The most common being the _______ containing the pigment _______
1. Plastids
2. Chloroplasts
3. Chlorophyll
Which Type of Chlorophyll Evolved first? (A or B)
A
Traits of Chlorophyll B (3)
Evolved in complicated org.
Absorbs more energy.
Has both A and B.
Green & Purple Bacteria Traits (3)
Both release Sulfur
H2S for Sub; S for Product
Live in boiling water; geyser, hot springs etc.
Blue-Green Bacteria (not algae) Traits (5)
Photosynthesizes more like plants than the Green,Purple Bacteria
Pigment Molecules are atahed to (tylakoids, internal membranes) unlike other bacteria.
Sub. H20; Product O2
These created Ozone layer
Ancestor to algae.
Green Algae (ALGAE, NOT BACTERIA)
Ancestors to plants; have flagellum to control light intensity in a vertical distance.
2 Plant Vascular Systems
1. Tubes go up from roots to leaves and carry water and dissolved minerals to make amino acids, chlorophyll, etc.
2. Tubes going down; carries H2O and moves sugar to distribute it to other parts of the plant; majority to roots where its converted to starch.
Upper and Lower Epidermis (Function and 3 traits)
Protective Function.
-Cuticle layer that secretes wax and seals moisture inside.
-May contain toxins, hallucinogens for protection from predators
-Usually transparent cells.
Mesophyll
-Tightly Packed Cells that tend to be rectangular and columnar.
-Where most photosynthesis Occurs.
Palisade Layer of Mesophyll
More tightly packed; filled with chloroplast; most light absorption happens here.
Spongy Layer of Mesophyll
Located below the Palisade layer, has air spaces in between cells.
Stoma
Microscopic Hole that open/close to allow CO2 to diffuse into air space of spongy layer
Vascular Bundle/Tissue
Veins of the leaf that has tubes to transport water into parts of the leaf and tubes to transport water and sugars out of the leaf
Light Dependent
-Occurs in thylakoids of chloroplast
-Degradative Reaction trisecting two covalent bonds b/t H2O to produce electrons, protons, and oxygen.
NADP+
The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate which is used as an electron carrier.
NADPH
(Coenzyme) The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as an electron carrier.
Light Independent
Occurs in Stroma
Synthetic rather than degradative (reduction of CO2 to Carbohydrates.)
Photosystem
Conical arrangement of pigments on thylakoid membrane. Funnels energy to the reaction center (chlorophyll molecule) then sends eletrons to an acceptor molecule.
PhotoSytem I (5 Things)
-Absorption Spectrum peaks at 700nm
-First Photosystem found in the green&purp. bacteria.
-Found on Thylakoid membranes
-Still found in plants
-Energizing e- that come from H2S (sub.); this substrate furnishes e- and protons in photosystem.
PhotoSystem II (6 Things)
-Peaks at 680nm
-1st in blue-green bacteria
-Absorbs higher energy better
-H20 is source of e- and protons
-H20 has shorter bond therefore has more energy than H2S; also more available
-Enzyme that breaks H20 doesn't require high temp.
Cyclic Electron Pathway (loop) (7)
-Produces only ATP
-Involves Photosystem I
-Does not need H20 for Protons
-Only pathway found in green/purp bacteria
-Energy Lost is used to produce ATP
- e- being passed is kinetic chemical energy
-Gradual de-energizing of e- through redox rxns.
Electron Acceptor
Accepts reenergized electron
Ferridoxin
Iron containing compound that acts as acceptor of e- in photosystem; then passes to a series of proteins.
Cytochrome Complex (B6-F) (3)
-The series of proteins that keep passing e-
-As passed, loses energy that is used by an enzyme to attach a phosphate group to ADP.
-Active-Passive Pump
Noncyclic Eletron Pathway (non looped)(5)
-Produces ATP & NADPH (coenzyme)
-Involves both P.S. I&II
-H20 is proton source
-Always present with cyclic pathway
-Longer, more complicated; produces more ATP
Water Splitting Enzyme
- The Z Enz.
-Sub: Water
-Products: e-, protons, O2
Plastoquinone
The electron acceptor in photosystem II
NADP Reductase (4)
-New enzyme that evolved; reduces
-NADP+ and receives e-
-Becomes NADP- for a short time.
-Receives H+ and becomes NADPH
Chemiosmosis (3)
-AKA Chemiosmotic Phosphoralation
-quick way to make ATP
-diffuse proton across membrane at high speeds from thylakoid space to the stroma
Thylakoid Space
-pH4 (cause theres a ton of protons)
Stroma
-pH8; looow conc. of H+
CF1 Particle
-Proton facilitated diffusion carrier with ATP synthase on top in the stroma
ATP synthase
takes ADP, e- (energy from the rapid diffusion of protons), and P groups to form ATP.
C3 Pathway (VERY Important) (long one.)
Hints:
-(used in most _____ plants)
-Where does it occur in the plant?
-____ Binds to ____ to create a 6 carbon sugar
-This splits to form _#_ Molecules of _______, each having 3 Carbons
-_______ is the catalyzing enzyme of this reaction. Is also the most abundant.
- _#_ revolutions of the cycle, ( _#_ molecules of ___ introduced) are required for produce ______
-____ and ____ provide energy and electrons to drive the reaction.
-Most terrestrial Plants (Image 8.16 in book)
-occurs in stroma of chloroplast
-CO2 (w/ a carboxyl) bound to RuBPG (ribulose biphosphate - a 5C sugar)
-This creates a 6Carbon sugar
-This splits to form 2 molecules of PGA (phosphoglycorate), each having 3 Carbons.
-RuBD carboxylase (rubisco) is the enzyme catalyzing this reaction.
-This is the most abundant protein in the world (reacts slowly) and is located on the thylakoid membrane.
-6 revolutions of the cycle (6CO2 molecules introduced) are necessary to produce the equivalent of a six Carbon Sugar (glucose)
-ATP and NADPH provide energy and electrons to drive the reaction.
C4 Pathway
(What kind of plants?)
1. ___ Bound to ______ to form _____ compound called ______
2. The enzyme responsible for binding is ________
3. Have no idea what this step is talking about...
4. _____ has a higher optimum temp and conversion rate than _______
5. C4 plants are better off with this kind of environment
-Tropical Plants; High Temp, Water
1. CO2 first bound to a 3C sugar, phospoenoplyruvate (PEP) to form a 4C compound called oxaloacetic acid.
2. The enzyme responsible for binding is PEP carboxylase (pepco)
3. Process of capturing (diffused) CO2 and rxns of Calvin Cycle (fixation) are partitioned in space since oxoloacetic acid is converted to malic acid which leaves mesophyll cells, thus C4 plants have different leaf anatomy than C3
4. Pepco has a higher optimum temp and sub->prod. conversion rate than rubisco
5. C4 are better off in warm climates and grow rapidly
CAM Pathway
1. What environment?
2. Stores ____ during ____, and ____ during ____
3. Uses ____ and ____ enzymes.
-Crassulaccean Acid Metabolism
1. Many desert plants where H2O is limted
2. Partition CO2 Capture and fixation in time. The Stomates are open at night to capture CO2. They close during the day to prevent H20 Loss.
3. Uses Both Pepco and Rubisco
4. Partition processes with time in the same cell.
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis is found in what four bacterial groups?
Purple, Green Sulfur, Green non-sulfur, and Heliobacteria.
Oxygenic Photosynthesis is found in what kind of bacteria, how many kinds of algae, and all _____?
Cyanobacteria, seven groups of algae, and essentially all land plants.
What are the 3 most general steps for photosynthesis?
1. Capturing energy from sunlight.
2. Using the energy to make ATP and to reduce NADP+, the electron carrier, to NADPH
3. Uses the ATP and NADPH to power synthesis of organic molecules from CO2.
Carbon Fixation?
The conversion of CO2 into organic compounds during photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 12H20 + Light --->
C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2
(This in reverse is respiration)
Photoelectric Effect
When photons transfer energy to e-. Is able to remove electrons. Shorter wavelengths, more energy.
(Chloroplast are photoeletric devices)
Absorption Spectrum
The range and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing
Chlorophyll A and B absorb which wavelengths and reject which wavelengths? (Typically)
Absorb 400-500(violet-blue) and 600-740(red-orange).
Rejects 500-600nm range, this is reflected light; green/yellow.
Reaction Center
A transmembrane protein-pigment complex.
Light excites this, neighboring acceptor takes excited e-, then the other neighbor becomes oxidized by handing off a new un-energized e- to the chlorophyll molecule trapping light to repeat the process.
Noncyclic phosphoralation
Path of e- are not in a cirlce.
Electrons end up as NADPH.
Electrons are replenished by oxidizing Water.