Bio2 Chap. 31

Front 1

Fungi's nutrition

Back 1

heterotrophs, cannot make their own food like plants and algae

but do not eat their foods like animals

absorb nutrients from surrounds by secreting enzymes

decompose nonliving organisms

some pathogenic

fungi/termite --> mutualistic fungi

Front 2

fungal body structure

Back 2

multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)

yeasts inhabit moist environments

Front 3

hyphae

Back 3

network of tiny filaments

tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells

Front 4

fungi cell walls

Back 4

strenghtend by chitin (cellulose in plants)

Front 5

mycelium

Back 5

interwoven mass made my hypae

infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds

maximizes its surface A to V ratio making feeding more efficient

Front 6

how does fungi concentrate its energy?

Back 6

it concentrates more on adding hyphal length than depth

it cannot move so it extends its tips into unoccupied territory

Front 7

septa

Back 7

divdes the hyphae

pores are large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow through

Front 8

coenocytic fungi

Back 8

fungi that lack septa; cotinuous cytoplasmic mass having many nuclei

resulted from no cytokinesis

Front 9

haustoria

Back 9

specilized hyphae- used to extract/exchange nutrients with their host

Front 10

mycorrhizae

Back 10

fungal root; mutual beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots

improve delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants

Front 11

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Back 11

form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root and into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

Front 12

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Back 12

extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane

Front 13

pheromones

Back 13

begins sexual reproduction when hypahe from two mycelia release sexual signaling molecules

Front 14

plasmogamy

Back 14

union of cytoplams of two parent mycelia

the nuclei do not fuse right away

Front 15

"compatibility test" in reproduction

Back 15

contributes to genetic variation because it does not allow hyphaes with homologous chromosomes to fuse

Front 16

heterokaryon

Back 16

"different nuclei"

Front 17

dikaryotic

Back 17

"two nuclei"

different from diploidy because there are two separate haploid cells instead of one nucleius with two pairs of homologous chromosomes

Front 18

karyogamy

Back 18

haploid cells fuse to produce diploid cells (zygote, 2n)

meiosis then restores the hapoid condition and forms spores

extensive genetic variation --> natural selection --> compensate for harmful mutations

Front 19

molds

Back 19

reproduce asexually by growing filaments that produce spores by mitosis

form visible mycelia (at home)

grows rapidly and produces many spores

"bud cells" off a parent cell

Front 20

deuteromycetes

Back 20

fungi with no known sexual stage

Front 21

in terms of haploidy vs diploidy, how do the life cycles of humans and fungi differ?

Back 21

most of fungal life is haploid and most of human life cycles is diploid

Front 22

origin of fungi

Back 22

unicellular flagellated ancestor

chytrids and other fungi

chytrids had flagella, fungi must have lost their flagella along the way

Front 23

microsporidia

Back 23

used to control insect pests

risk to people with AIDS

taxonomic mystery-- no mitochondria but eukaryotes?

Front 24

chytrids

Back 24

unikonts, opisthokonts, fungi

zoospores - flagellated spores

Front 25

zygomycetes

Back 25

haploid: plasmogamy --> heterokaryotic: karyogamy --> diploid: meiosis --> haploid again

karyogamy and meiosis occur in zygosporangium

asexually reproduce through sporangia

Front 26

glomeromycetes

Back 26

tips of hyphae push into plant root cells branch into tiny treelike structures known as arbuscules

90% of all plant species are mutualistic with gloeromycetes

Front 27

ascomycetes

Back 27

sac fungi - production of sexual spores in saclike asci

ascocarps - fruiting bodies

conidia - asexual haploid spores

Front 28

basidiomycetes

Back 28

basidium - where karyogamny occurs

club fungus

basidiocarps - fruiting bodies

Front 29

give different examples of how form fits function in zygomycetes.

Back 29

zygosporangium can withstand harsh conditions and go through karyogamy and meiosis when favorable for reproduction

Front 30

give different examples of how form fits function in glomermycetes

Back 30

hyphae have a specialized morphology that enables the fungi to form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant rooms

Front 31

give different examples of how form fits function in ascomycetes

Back 31

asexual spores (conidia) are often produced in chians or clusters at the tipds of conidiophores where there are easily dispersed by the wind

cup-shaped ascocarps house the sexual spore forming asci

Front 32

give different examples of how form fits function in basidiomycetes

Back 32

supports and protects a large surface area of basidia from which spores are dispersed

Front 33

fungi as decomposers

Back 33

decompose carbon, nitrogen, and other elements that are tied up in organic matter

Front 34

fungus-plant mutualisms

Back 34

endophytes- fungi that live insdie leaves or other plants without causing harm

benefits certain plants by making toxins that increase plants' tolerance

Front 35

fungus-animal symbioses

Back 35

share digestive serivces with aniamls

Front 36

lichen

Back 36

soredia - small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

fungi provides a suitable environment for growth, retention of water and minerals, protection from intense sunlight, and protection from being eaten

Front 37

fungi as pathogens

Back 37

fungi's ability to grown rapidly in a favorable new environment enables them to capitalize on the host's resources

mycosis - fungal infection

Front 38

practical uses of fungi

Back 38

colonization of land plants might have been more difficult without fungi

natural selection might have favored plants that formed more highly divided and extensive root systems (in part replaing mycorrhizae)