Bio2

Front 1

Mendel’s Success because?

Back 1

Obtained True Breeding strains 2. Restricted his examination to one or only a few pairs of contrasting traits traits 3. Kept very accurate records 4. His studies laid the groundwork for the field of genetics ( Father of Genetics)

Front 2

Monohybrid Cross examines? process?

Back 2

only one pair of contrasting traits;

Front 3

Monohybrid cross results: p1? f1? f2?

Back 3

p1: parents are homozygous; f1- all show dom; f2: ratio is 3:1, thus 1/4 are homo-Recessive

Front 4

Principles of Inheritance

Back 4

1. Unit Factors exist in pairs 2. Dominance/Recessive 3. Segregation of alleles

Front 5

Test Cross to? how? thus?

Back 5

establish genotype of dom phenotype; mate to homo-recessive; 1:1 ratio

Front 6

Dihybrid ratio?

Back 6

9/16: 3/16: 3/16: 1/16

Front 7

dihybrid test cross phenotype ratio GGWw ?

Back 7

1/2 y,r :1/2 y,w

Front 8

dihybrid test cross phenotype ratio GgWw?

Back 8

1/4:1/4:1/4:1/4

Front 9

dihybrid test cross phenotype ratio GgWW?

Back 9

1/2 y,r :1/2 g,r

Front 10

Independent Assortment

Back 10

Characteristics that are controlled by different genes will assort independent of all

Front 11

Product Law

Back 11

If events occur simultaneously, but independent of each other, the combined probability of the outcomes is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

Front 12

Forked-Line Method

Back 12

alternative to Punnett squares and is based on our experimental observations and the law of probability

Front 13

Sum Law

Back 13

Combined probability of two or more mutually exclusive events is the sum of their probabilities

Front 14

Binomial Theorem

Back 14

A way of determining the probability of alternative outcomes in a number of trials; Theorem is p=(a+b)n

Front 15

Pedigree Analysis

Back 15

Way to determine the fashion in which a gene controlling a trait is inherited when a large number of offspring are not produced

Front 16

Codominance

Back 16

Condition in which the phenotypic effects of a single gene’s alleles are

Front 17

Incomplete Dominance

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When the expression of the heterozygous phenotype is distinct (often an intermediate) to that of the parents; displays 3 distinct (possible) phenotypes; phenotype ratio of 1:2:1

Front 18

Penetrance:

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Percentage of individuals that show at least some degree of expression of the mutant phenotype

Front 19

Expressivity:

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Reflects the range of expression of a particular mutant phenotype; Can range from full expression to no expression of the trait

Front 20

Cell Cycle checkpoints exist

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G1/S-monitors size and DNA integrity 2. G2/M-Physiologic conditions of cell and DNA replication and repair 3. M-Formation and attachment of spindle fibers

Front 21

Results of checks

Back 21

Enter Mitosis 2. Arrest and Repair DNA 3. Apoptosis if Repair is impossible or to time consuming

Front 22

Cell Cycle G2 (Second Gap)

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Cells grow Volume doubles by end G2; Prepares for cell division

Front 23

M (Mitosis)

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Cells divide in to daughter cells; Karyokinesis (DNA) and Cytokinesis (cytoplasm) occurs

Front 24

G0

Back 24

Cells withdraw from cell cycle

Front 25

Problems Faced by Cells

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1.Completion Problem (How to make sure that the previous cellular events are finished before the next step can begin?) 2. Alternation Problem (How to make sure cell coordinates cycles of growth and division) 3. External factors can alter processes (Presence or absence of Nutrients/Chemicals)

Front 26

Mutations may lead to “missed” checkpoints

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Example: Tumor suppressor gene-p53 • p53 is mutated in a high percentage of human cancers

Front 27

Mitosis

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Process by which somatic cells divide ; Occurs after DNA has been replicated; Involves one division of the nucleus/DNA (karyokinesis) and cytoplasm

Front 28

Prophase

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Chromatin condenses to form C-somes ; DNA becomes visible ; Sister chromatids joins at their centromere; Nuclear membrane breaks down ; Spindle fibers form; Extends from centrioles toward middle of cell ; Made of microtubules

Front 29

Metaphase Two Phases:

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Prometaphase: C-some movement ; Metaphase: C-some configuration after move

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metaphase events:

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Spindle fibers connect to C-somes at Kinetochore (Centromere); C-somes align on the Metaphase Plate (Equatorial Plane) ; C-somes are arranged randomly

Front 31

Anaphase

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Sister chromatids are pulled apart; MTs pull from centromere in opposite directions (molecular motor proteins); Provides each daughter cell with a complete and identical set of C-somes ; Division of DNA is complete (Karyokinesis)

Front 32

Telophase

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Division of the cytoplasm (Cytokinesis); “Pinching off” caused by contractile proteins that migrate to the intercellular membrane; Reversal of Prophase ; C-somes de-condense ; Nucleus reforms ; Spindle fibers disappear

Front 33

Meiosis

Back 33

Process by which germ cells (gametes) are produced ;Occurs after DNA replication (S phase) ; Cells contain 1⁄2of the DNA content (Haploid); 2 cytoplasm and 2 nucleus/DNA divisions; Exactly one member of each C-some given to daughter cells ; Allows for genetic variability

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Meiosis I

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Reductional Division: Reduce the number of centromeres by half; Homologous C-somes Synapse ;Crossing over occurs; Homologous C-somes separate

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Meiosis II

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Equaltional Division: Number of centromeres remains the same ; Sister chromatids separate into the resulting gametes ; May produce 4 gametes that have exactly one copy (haploid) of each C-some

Front 36

Prophase 1

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Chromatin condenses to C-somes ; Homologous C-somes Synapsis ; Crossing over: Synapsed C-somes; 5 Subphases ; Leptonema