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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three germ layers? |
1. endoderm: inner layer eg. lining of digestive tract 2. mesoderm: middle layer eg. skeleton, organs 3. ectoderm: outer layer eg. hair, nails, skin |
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Identify and describe the four stages of embryogenesis |
1. Fertilisation male and female gametes fuse (zygote) 2. Cleavage: series of successive mitotic divions converts zygote into a hollow ball of cells 3. Gastrulation: a single layer of cells is converted into two or three germinal layers 4. Organogenesis: cells of germinal layers spilt up in organs they will form |
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What is Oogenesis? |
1 germ cell results in 1 mature gamete (egg/oocyte) |
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What s spermatoenesis? |
1 germ cell results in 4 gametes (sperm) |
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Identify and briefly describe the major types of tissues in animals |
1. Epithelial: covers outside of body and lines organs and cavaties 2. Connective: binds and supports tissues (cartilage, bone) 3. Muscular: contracts to allow movement 4. Nervous: reception of stimuli |
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What are the 3 types of muscular tissues? |
- skeletal - smooth - cardiac |
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What is the relationship between animal size and SA:V? |
The larger the size of the animal, the smaller the SA:V |
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What is metabolism? |
the sum of all the reactions occuring within an organism, both generating and consuming energy
generating: catabolic consuming: anabolic |
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What is metabolic rate? |
the rate at which animals use energy to accomplish work, varies with intensity of activity, type of food eaten, body mass, shape etc. |
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What is the difference between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)? |
BMR = mammals and birds SMR = reptiles, amphibians, fish |
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What is a metabolic scope? |
An indication of the range of metabolic rates an animal is capable of |
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List ways of measuring metabolic rate? |
- directly by calorimerty - directly by energy uptake - indirectly (O2 or CO2 production) |
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What are radioisotopes? |
measures water fluxes within the animal |
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List factors affecting metabolic rate |
- body size - digestive state - temp |
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How is the Respiratory quotient measured? |
the ratio of the amount of CO2 produced to the amount of O2 consumed |
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What is Q10? State the equation |
quantifies the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions the rate generally increases by 2-3 (doubles) with every 10 degree increase |
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What is digestion? |
A process used to obtain, ingest, chemically break down and absorb food 3 processes: 1. feeding 2. digestion 3. absorption |
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What is the Alimentary system? |
the bodily system concerned with ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion |
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Identify the sections of the Alimentary tract |
- recieving region - conducting and storage region - digestive and absorptive region - water absortioing and defecation region |
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What are endocrine and exocrine glands? |
endocrine glands: secretions flow through duct into a body cavity eg. mucus, enzymes, water exocrine: secrete hormones that diffuse into the circulation |
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Where is the primary place for absorption in the digestive tract? |
small intestine |
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Explain the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm |
Ectotherm: gain most of their body heat from surroundings Endotherms: generate their own heat |
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What is a homeotherm? |
Animals that regulate body temp close to a set point (eg. mouse) |
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What is a poikilotherm? |
Animal where body temp fluctuates with ambient temperatures (eg. lizard) |
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What is the thermal neutral zone (TNZ)? |
Ambient temperature range within which the metabolic heat production is unaffected |
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What is thermogenesis? |
Increasing heat production via: 1. increasing movement 2. shivering thermogenesis (ST): muscle contractions 3. Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST): fat metabolism |
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What happens when insulation is increased? |
Conductance is increased and heat loss is minimised, animal remains in TNZ |
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What is counter-current exchange? |
Animals maintain core body temp and leave extremeties to function at much lower temps |
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How does gas exchang occur in fish? |
Gills: countercurrent flow (opposite direction) and co-current flow (same direction) |
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How does gas exchange occur in frogs? |
Buccal force pump: air enters the sac like lungs under positive pressure |
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How does gas exchange occur in birds? |
Air sacs - unidirectional air flow stiff lungs and compliant air sacs |
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How does gas exhange occur in mammals? |
Inhalation and exhalation, -ve pressure sucks air in and out |
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Define open and closed circulatory systems |
open: circulating fluid is not anatomically separated off from the spaces between cells closed: circulating fluid is kept separate from the spaces between cells by a system on continuous vessels |
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Describe arteries, veins and capillaries |
arteries: thick muscular walls veins: thin walls wih valves capillaries: exchange |
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Is a 2 chambered heart better than a 4 chambered heart? Why? |
No. A 4 chambered heart separates pulmonary and systemic circuits, no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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What is asexual reproduction? |
Occurs by fission, budding or parthenogenesis. results in genetic clones |
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What is sexual reproduction? |
involves the fusion of gametes, increases genetic variation |
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What is an oviparous species? |
A species that lays eggs eg. reptiles, fish, amphibians, monotremes |
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What is a viviparous species? |
A species that gives birth to live offspring eg. mammals |
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What is osmotic concentration? |
total number of dissolved particles - per L of solution: osmolarity - per kg of solvent: osmolality |
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What is an osmoconformer? |
An organism where as the osmolarity of the environmental surrounding matches interal osmolarity eg. most marine invertebrates |
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What is an osmoregulator? |
Animal maintains a constant internal osmolarity distinct from the external environment eg. arthopods, vertebrates |
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What is the difference betwee hypotonic and hypertonic? |
hypotonic: cells swell with water - burst (animal cells) - turgid (plant) hypertonic: cells shrink - plasmolysis (plant): cell membrane detatches from cell wall and constricts cell contents |
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What is evaporation? |
WA lost of head due to liquid water changing into gaseous water |
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What is conduction? |
A heat transfer involving two objects in physical contact with eachother |
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In fresh water environments, teleost fish must: |
prevent net gain of water and net loss of salts |
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What is convection? |
Heat transfer between a solid and a liquid or a gas |
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Bigger animals have a higher total metabolic rate, but a..... |
lower mass specific metabolic rate |
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What do Parietal, Chief and Goblet cells secrete? |
parietal - HCL chief - pepsinogen goblet - mucus |
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What are the correct aniamls for the excretory systems: - Protonephridia - Metaephridia - Malphigian tubules |
- Protonephridia - rotifers and planarians - Metaephridia -crayfish and annelids - Malphigian tubules - insects |
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stratified squamous - epidermis, inner lining of oesophagussimple squamous - capillary wall stratified cuboidal - exocrine and endocrine glandssimple cuboidal - kidney tubule walls stratified columnar - ducts of submandibular salivary glandssimple columnar - inner lining of small intestine |
lojo |
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Match the 4 pigments (transport proteins) with where they are commonly found: Haemoglobin Haemocyanin Haemerythrin Chlorocruorin |
Haemoglobin – found in mammals Haemocyanin – found in crustaceans Haemerythrin – found in marine invertebrates Chlorocruorin – found in many annelids & polychaete worms |
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What do symporters, uniporters, and antiporters do? |
Antiporter - transports two or more molecules in opposite directions at the same time Uniporter - transports a single molecule in one direction Symporter - two or more molecules in the same direction at the same time |
