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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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asexual reproduction
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a single individual produces offpsring genetically identical to itself.
simple organisms |
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3 types of asexual reproduction:
and examples of each type |
budding- a new individual will form off parent as a bud or branch. branch separates and grows. ex: hydra
cell fission- type of mitosis. ex: protists and bacterium. specialized propogules-form from budding live in colonies, do not break off. ex: sponges and jelly fish |
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specialized propogules
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jelly fish, sponges
form of budding, but do not break off. live in colonies |
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cell fission
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form of mitosis.
bacterium., protists |
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budding
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individual forms from off parent, as a bud or branch.
ex hydra. |
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sexual reproduction
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meiosis must occur to produce haploid (n) gamete and sperm.
fusion of gametes to produce new individual |
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advantages of sexual reproduction
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provides genetic diversity.
allows organisms to be resistant. |
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disadvantages of sexual reproduction
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1. costly
2. more complicated: more time, energy, seasonal, complicated courtship. 3. high risk: whether reproduction even occurs. 4. organism looses 1/2 of genetic information. |
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advantages of asexual reproduction
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more energy efficient.
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organism which can alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction
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fungus
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Gender allocation
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proportional distribution of reproductive energy btw. male and female.
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3 subsections of gender allocation
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dioecious
monoecious hermaphroditic. |
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Dioecious
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distinct male and female parents. ex: mammals
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Monoecious
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plant species with separate male and female reproductive structures in a single individual.
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Hermaphroditic.
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Individual organism functions as both male and female.
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2 types of hermaphroditic gender allocation
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similtaneous- functions as both male and female at the same time: ex earth worm who can find a mate easily.
sequential- undergo gender change |
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3 types of sequential hermaphroditic gender allocation:
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1. protogyny- born female first ex blue head wrasse.
2. protandry- born male first, clown fish. 3. parthenogenesis- egg develops directly into organism without being fertilized. ex: honeybee. |
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Biological Life cycle
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passage from one adult through reproductive stages to the adult of the next generation.
adult to adult. |
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Biological life cycle requirements:
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1. occurs in only sexually reproducing species.
2. include haploid (n) and diploid (2n) stages 3. meiosis- produces gametes. |
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Requirements of Biological life cycle
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Snygamy- fusion of gametes to form the 2n zygote
Meiosis- produces gametes (n) |
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3 types of life cycles
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1. dimorphic
2. haplobiontic 3. alternation of generations |
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Dimorphic
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typical of vertebrates, mammals
-Meiosis occurs in diploid 2n cells in the primary sex organs of the reproductive adult. - organism spends most of its life in diploid form. |
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Haplobiontic
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Typical of : protists (algea, fungi).
- zygote spends most of its time in haploid form |
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Alternation of Generations
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unique to plants: gymnosperms, mosses, ferns, etc.
- Organism alternates between diploid and haploid form. |
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What is meant by generations?
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Dipolid and Haploid form.
Diploid form Sphrophyte (2n) Haploid form Gametophyte (n) |
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Sphrophyes-
divide of meiosis to form: |
2n diploids-
spores n - each spore grows into a haploid gamete. |
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Gametophyte
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Cells in haploid form (gametophyes)- become gametes, egg and sperm.
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Spores and Gametes
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n
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Zygote and Sphorophyes
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2n
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Meiosis makes
Fertilization |
n
2n |
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Mitosis
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doubles genetic material
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Meiosis I
Meiosis II |
Separates homologous chromosomes
Separates Sister chromatids. |
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Genetic variation
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1. crossing over
2. Random fertilization 3. mutations 4. independent assortment. |
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After Meiosis I
After Meiosis II |
2 haploid cells
4 Non identical Haploid cells. |
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Gonads
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testies and ovaries
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Hypothalmus
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Glad in brain controls anterior pituitory
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In plant:
Male reproductive structure Female reproductive structure |
Anther, Filament, Stament
Stigma, Style, Ovary, Carpel. |
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Embryosac
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n
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Male-Flower
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Microsporocites (2n)
microspore (n) male gametophte (each microspore) (n) Tube cell (n) Generative cell(n) 2 sperms (n) each. |
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Female- flower
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megasporocyte (2n)
4 megaspores 3/4 die 1 mitosis 3 times to make 8 haploid cells (n) 5/8 die 1 egg cell which is fertilized 2 = polar nuclei (3n) endosperm provide for egg. |
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difference between microspore and megaspore
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microspore- male each mitosis to form gametophyte which each make generative and tube cell and then sperm
Megaspore 3/4 die and 1 mitosis 3 times to make 8 haploid cells 5/8 which die 2 make polar nuclei and 1 makes egg cell. |
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2 polar nuclei called
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endosperm (3n)
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Spermatogenesis
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hormones land on testes,
testes filled with tubials where sperm produced. |
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In animal cell: when Prophase I begins:
After Meiosis II |
primary spermatocytes
Secondary Spermatocytes. |
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Spermatogonium
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(2n) all males have prior to puberty
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Acrosome
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Storage mechanism for sperm. Eats hole in egg so sperm can get in.
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Corpus Luteum
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Developes from burst folicile cell.
Speicialized structure releases estrogen and progesteron. |
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Secondary oocyte stop at meiosis II if
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no sperm- by ovulation
never complete meisis II. |
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Folicile
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ovarian cell that surrounds and nurtures developing oocyte.
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Female Zygote
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oogonium (2n)
Primary Oocyte (2n) first polar body and secondary oocyte (n) Secondary oocyte- secondary polar body if no sperm ovum if sperm |
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Male Sperm
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Spermatogonium (2n)
Primary Spermocyte (2n) Secondary Spermocyte 2 of them (n) meiosis II 4 early spermatids (2 for each secondary spermatocyte) 4 sperm cells. |
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LH
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Triggers ovulation and egg release. increase causes ovulation
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FSH
FSH and LH trigger what? |
secondary hormone for triggering ovulation
folicle to grow. |
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Estrogen and Progesteron
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prevent uterin lining for descinigration
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Progesteron
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prevents release of gnrh
prepares mammory glands for milk production |
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Estrogen
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increase during pregnancy, increases body temp and metabolism.
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HCG
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Hormone measured in pregnancy test- works to surpress immune system so mom wont reject embryo and tissue.
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Morula
each cell is morula called |
doesnt change in size, only number of cells in it
solid sphere of cells blastula |
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Morula changes when
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64 cells are in it. then called blastula
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Blastula
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128 cells in it. with this division overall cell size grown.
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Center of Blastula
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blasocoel
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Each layer of Gastrula
3 layers |
is for specific tissues and organs.
ectoderm, mesoderm, endodermal |
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Ectoderm
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outer layer. Eventually outercovering for animal, skin, sensory organs
Special group develop into nervous tissue, brain, spinal chord. |
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Mesoderm
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Middle layer. Organ system- reproductive organs, heart, kidney, bones
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Endodermal
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inner layer. LUNGS, gi tract, stomach intestines, liver, pancreas.
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4 extra embryonic layers
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amnion, chorion
waste sac/allantois Yolk Sac |
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Amnion
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fluid filled sac surrounds embryo.
keeps embryo from drying out. act as shock absorber helps to maintain balance pull cells off embryo |
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Chorion
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tough fiberous connective tissue which surrounds amnion, no fluid filled.
protect from punctures |
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Waste Sac/ Alantois
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Waste taken away via moms blood vessels.
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Yolk Sac
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Embryos food source.
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Globular
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morula in plant cell.
solid ball. heart shaped. |
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Three integral process for embryonic Development in mammals and angiosperms.
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1. morphogenesis
2. Cellular Differentiation 3. organogeneisis |
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Morphogenesis
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Establishment of shape and pattern occurring during gasturlation
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Cellular Differentiation
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Cell becomes specialized. genes turned on and off. cells identified as tissues
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Organogenesis
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formation of organs
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Direct Development
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When an animal is born looks like a mini version of adult.
mammals fish reptiles |
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Indirect Development
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metamorphasis
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Direct development has 2 incubation periods:
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Altricial, Precocial
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Altricial
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Short incubation periods, incompletley developed at birth: robins
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Precocial
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Longer incubation period. chicks. less developed animal coming out of shell.
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S shaped growth curve
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mammalian growth. no starting and stopping. prgressively increase in size.
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Indirect Development has two types
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Incomplete metamorphasis
Complete Metamorphasis. |
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Incomplete Metamorphasis
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grasshopper. Head same size, but body change in proportion.
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Complete metamorphasis
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moths, butterflys, larval stage,
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Echinoderms
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starfish, larval stage
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Meristem
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embryonic tissue where mitosis can continue for plants
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Lateral Meristem
Apical Meristem Root Meristem |
Increase width
plant to grow taller Allows root to grow. |
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Annual
Perrennial |
Apical Meristem. come every year
Aplical and latteral meristem. |
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Secondary growth
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product of lateral meristem. known as vascular cambium
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