Bio141 Unit 1

Front 1

Anatomy:

Back 1

from the Greek, to cut up; the study of the structures of the body and their relationships to one another.

Front 2

Physiology:

Back 2

the study of the functions of the body and their relationships to one another

Front 3

Kinds of Anatomy:

Back 3

Gross Anatomy: seen w/naked eye.
Microscopy Anatomy: aid of a microscope to be seen.
Developmental Anatomy: birth-death

Front 4

Gross Anatomy:

Back 4

The study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.

Front 5

Microscopy Anatomy:

Back 5

The study of structures that need the aid of a microscope to be seen.

Front 6

Developmental Anatomy:

Back 6

The study of the changes anatomy undergoes from conception to death.
It is most commonly understood as conception to birth.

Front 7

Hierarchy: Structures of the body

Back 7

Atom
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

Front 8

The Basic Physiological Functions of the Body

Back 8

1. Maintain its boundaries-
2. Movement: internal and external
3. Responsiveness (Irritability):
4. Metabolize:
5. Excretion
6. Growth
7. Reproduction

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1. Maintain its boundaries

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-- needs to be able to tell inside from outside. The cell itself has a very
specialized boundary to control what goes in and out of it, and in that way controls its function.
Additionally the skin itself protects internal organs, and keeps them in!

Front 10

2. Movement:.

Back 10

Both internal and external movement. For example the heart beats, the blood
flows, glands secrete, and so on. We are able to move through the external environment. While
this is directed by the nervous and endocrine systems, it is the function of the muscular system

Front 11

3. Responsiveness (Irritability):

Back 11

The ability to sense changes in the environment (both internal
and external) and respond to it. Both the muscular and the nervous system are highly irritable.

Front 12

4. Metabolize:

Back 12

This is a broad term that refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body. They
are of two types. Catabolic reactions break down large substances (e.g. food) into small substances
(nutrients). Anabolic reactions take small substances (e.g. amino acids) and make them into larger
substances (e.g. proteins.)

Front 13

5. Excretion

Back 13

The body must be able to get rid of its wastes. It does this by several means.
Sweating, urination, and defecation are the main forms, but many organ systems are involved.

Front 14

6. Growth

Back 14

is an increase in size. For it to occur there must be more cellular building activity than
cellular destruction activity.

Front 15

7. Reproduction:

Back 15

the production of offspring, but also to the cell division so that identical cells
replace the ones that need to be replaced. Red blood cells and the cells that line our stomachs are
examples.

Front 16

What the body needs for Survival?

Back 16

Water: 60-80% of body
Nutrients: provide energy
Oxygen: 20% of the atmospheric
Heat: form of energy.
Pressure:

Front 17

Homeostasis:

Back 17

Homeo same
Stasis: standing still
the body maintains conditions that are appropriate to good health

Front 18

Elements of homeostatic system

Back 18

1. The stimulus:
2. Receptor;
3. Afferent Pathways:
4. Control Center:
5. Efferent Pathway:
6. Effector Organ:
7. The response

Front 19

1. The stimulus:

Back 19

Something that produces a change in the variable. For example, going outside into a cold
environment
4

Front 20

2. Receptor;

Back 20

A sensor in the body that detects the change. In the case of change in temperature, it is nerve
endings in the skin

Front 21

3. Afferent Pathways:

Back 21

Some pathway for the information detected by the receptor to be sent to a control organ. In the
case of temperature, it’s the nerves that travel from the skin to the brain.

Front 22

4. Control Center:

Back 22

Some organ that directs an appropriate response to the stimulus. In the case of cold weather the brain directs certain reactions in the body that will warm it.

Front 23

5. Efferent Pathway:

Back 23

Some pathway for the information directed by the control center to get to the appropriate organ to
effect the changes. In the case of temperature, it is again the nervous system.

Front 24

6. Effector Organ:

Back 24

The body organ that actually carries out the directions of the control center and causes a change. In the case of body temperature, it is the muscles in the skin that cause shivering and "goose
bumps." Also blood vessels will vasoconstrict to move blood to the body core, which is the most
important to protect.

Front 25

7. The response

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Of the effector organ is the change that it brought about. This becomes the new stimulus, and the
cycle begins again.

Front 26

negative feedback

Back 26

This means that the stimulus moves the variable in one direction (in our example, the body
got too cold) and the effector organ moves it in the opposite direction (took measures to
make it warmer.)

Front 27

positive feedback

Back 27

This means that the stimulus moves the variable in a particular direction and the effector
organ continues to move it in that direction. Labor is the best example of this. Once
contractions begin, the feedback loop serves to intensify them until the stimulus is removed
(sorry, but in this case the stimulus is the baby).

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Superior or cephalic

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towards the top

Front 29

Inferior or caudal:

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towards the tail or bottom

Front 30

Posterior or dorsal:

Back 30

towards the back

Front 31

Anterior or ventral:

Back 31

towards the belly

Front 32

Medial:

Back 32

closer to midline

Front 33

Lateral:

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further from midline

Front 34

Proximal:

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nearer a point of origin

Front 35

Distal:

Back 35

further from a point of origin

Front 36

Superficial:

Back 36

nearer the body surface

Front 37

Deep:

Back 37

further from the body surface

Front 38

Abdominal

Back 38

the trunk below the ribs

Front 39

Antebrachial

Back 39

forearm

Front 40

Antecubital

Back 40

the interior surface of the elbow--important for venous puncture

Front 41

Axillary

Back 41

--arm pit

Front 42

Brachial

Back 42

--upper arm, although this itself is properly called just the arm

Front 43

Buccal

Back 43

-cheeks

Front 44

Carpal

Back 44

--wrist

Front 45

Cervical

Back 45

—neck

Front 46

Crural

Back 46

-- the calf, itself called the leg

Front 47

Digital

Back 47

--fingers or toes

Front 48

Femoral

Back 48

--thigh

Front 49

Gluteal

Back 49

--buttocks

Front 50

Inguinal

Back 50

--where the thigh meets the trunk

Front 51

Lumbar

Back 51

--posterior surface of trunk, below the ribs

Front 52

Nasal

Back 52

--nose

Front 53

Occipital

Back 53

--back of the head

Front 54

Oral

Back 54

--mouth

Front 55

Orbital

Back 55

--eyes

Front 56

Patellar

Back 56

-anterior knee

Front 57

Peroneal

Back 57

--lateral part of the lower leg, itself properly called leg

Front 58

Plantar

Back 58

--sole of the foot

Front 59

Popliteal

Back 59

--posterior surface of knee (knee pit)

Front 60

Tarsal

Back 60

--ankle region

Front 61

Sternal

Back 61

--breastbone area

Front 62

Tarsal

Back 62

--ankle region

Front 63

Thoracic

Back 63

--anterior and posterior trunk over the ribs

Front 64

Pubic

Back 64

--genital region

Front 65

Umbilical

Back 65

-navel

Front 66

Saggital:

Back 66

A cut parallel to the midline of the body. It separates the body into left and right halves. If it is on the midline it is referred to as a midsaggital section or cut.

Front 67

Coronal:

Back 67

Frontal:
A cut that divides the body or part of the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Front 68

Transverse:

Back 68

A cut that divides the body or part of the body into superior and inferior sections.

Front 69

Atomic Weight:

Back 69

is the sum of the weight of the protons and the neutrons.
The identity of an atom depends on the number of protons, but
atoms of the same element (i.e. Those with the same number of protons) can have different numbers of neutrons.

Front 70

Isotopes:

Back 70

are atoms of the same element with different numbers of
neutrons. Sometimes different isotopes have different functions.

Front 71

stable atoms have ?

Back 71

Electrical neutrality
Completed valence shells

Front 72

Water important in 4 ways?

Back 72

1. Chemical reactivity: dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis,Hydrophobic or hydrophilic
2. Transport
3. Heat Sink
4. Cushioning

Front 73

love water

Back 73

(hydrophilic)

Front 74

hate water

Back 74

(hydrophobic).

Front 75

Hydroxyl Group

Back 75

(OH): Bound to a carbon skeleton
It is polar as a result of the large electronegative oxygen atom drawing atoms towards itself (do not confuse it with a hydroxide, which carries a negative charge)
It is hydrophilic.

Front 76

alcohols

Back 76

Molecules containing hydroxyl group are called .

Front 77

Carbonyl Group

Back 77

(CO): A carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond
If it is at the end of a molecular skeleton it is called an aldehyde
If it not at the end, but contained elsewhere in the molecule it is called a keytone.

Front 78

aldehyde

Back 78

If Carbonyl Group (CO) is at the end of a molecular skeleton it is called an aldehyde

Front 79

keytone

Back 79

If it not at the end, but contained elsewhere in the molecule it is called a keytone.

Front 80

Carboxyl Group:

Back 80

(COOH):

Front 81

Amino Groups

Back 81

(NH2):Nitrogen bound to two hydrogens. It can easily bind to third hydrogen and thus acts as a base, but will then carry a positive charge.

Front 82

Sulfhydryl Group (SH)

Back 82

(SH): A sulfur bound to a hydrogen—resembles hydroxyl group.
Organic compounds with sulfydryl groups are called thiols.

Front 83

Phosphate Group

Back 83

(PO4)
Contains a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygens. These bonds are high-energy bonds and are important in biochemistry reactions for their ability to release a lot of energy.

Front 84

Carbohydrates:

Back 84

sugars and starches: Contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
H:O 2:1 (hydrophilic)

Front 85

Lipids

Back 85

Composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen (very little oxygen):
1.Triglycerides
2.Phospholipids
3.Steriods

Front 86

Proteins

Back 86

Contain oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and sometimes and sulfur

Front 87

order and shape.

Back 87

Order(primary structure.): The amino acids can line up in any manner in the protein. They do this like beads on a string

Shape (secondary structure): Once the primary structure is established, the amino acids will interact with those near it, and sort of fold up into a particular shape.

Front 88

secondary structure (2 basic shapes):

Back 88

Fibrous: usually long and skinny
AKA structural proteins

Globular: spherical, and usually mobile. AKA functional proteins. (Transport Proteins; Hormones;
Immunoglobulins; Enzymes)

Front 89

Nucleic Acids

Back 89

1. sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose, which is a ribose minus one oxygen atom)
2. Base: one of 5 base molecules: cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or
uracil (U).
3. A phosphate containing group.

Front 90

DNA

Back 90

adenine always pairs with the thymine (A-T complimentary
pair) and the cytosine always pairs with guanine.
(C-G) complimentary pair).

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RNA

Back 91

adenine-uracil complimentary pairs.

Front 92

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate.

Back 92

A ribose base

With three phosphate groups attached to it.

the molecule that is the energy currency of the body

Front 93

Tertiary:

Back 93

attractions between the
secondary structures fold the protein

Front 94

Quartenary:

Back 94

when two or more tertiary
structures join to make one molecule