Bio140 Lab Exam

Front 1

Compare the three kinds of microscopes and know which microscope you would use based on
the size of a sample.

Back 1

Dissecting Microscope: Variant of an optical microscope designed for low magnification using light reflected off the surface of an object rather than through it. Used to look at or dissect tissue sample or small organisms, such as earthworms.

Compound: Uses a lens close to the object being viewed to collect light which focuses a real image of the object inside the microscope, the image is magnified by a second group of lenses, the eyepiece. The higher magnification power is used to look at tissue samples and cells.

Electron: Uses accelerated electrons as a source of illumination to reveal the structure of smaller objects. Creates a computer-generated image of small samples such as viruses or molecules.

Front 2

Organization of prokaryotic cell

Back 2

Little cellular organization. No membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Bacteria like Clostridium tetani are prokaryotic cells.

Front 3

Organization of eukaryotic cell

Back 3

Relatively more complex, has a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Higher degree of internal organization allows the cell to carry out more complex cellular activities. Human body cells, plant cells, and fungi all have a eukaryotic structure.

Front 4

Organization of a virus

Back 4

Relatively more simple, contains genetic information stored in a protein coat with a lipid envelope. Cannot carry out any cell functions without being inside a host cell

Front 5

Characteristic common to prokaryotic, eukaryotic and virus cells

Back 5

They all contain genetic information in the form of nucleic acids

Front 6

3 shapes of bacteria and an example of each

Back 6

Coccus (Cocci): sphere or round-shaped (Staphylococcus -> grape-like cluster of spheres)

Bacillus (Bacilli): rod-shaped (Streptobacillus -> chain of rods)

Spiral: helix or curvy shaped (Vibrio -> comma-shaped)

Front 7

Process and chemicals used in a Gram Stain

Back 7

Crystal Violet: Dye used to stain gram and cells

Iodine: Creates a crystal violet and iodine complex that causes the crystal violet to stick to the cell walls of gram and cells

Alcohol: Decolourizer that removes crystal violet from the gram-cells

Safranin: Used to stain the gram-cells red.

Front 8

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

Back 8

this is the outermost layer in the animal cell. It is a boundary
between the internal environment and external environment. It regulates what can enter and
leave the cell. It is the site of important chemical reactions.

Front 9

Cytoplasm

Back 9

this is the internal environment of the cell. It is an aqueous (water-based) solution
where structures, molecules, gases and organelles are found. Molecules, structures and
organelles move through the cytoplasm, as needed.

Front 10

Nucleus

Back 10

This is the largest organelle inside the animal cell. It contains the genetic information
for the cell and the organism, the DNA. It is also the site of important chemical reactions, such
as replication, transcription, and translation

Front 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

this is a membrane with smaller structures
(ribosomes) embedded on it and is the site of protein synthesis. It is located very close to the
nucleus because it works very closely with the nucleus to produce the proteins cells need to
carry out their functions.

Front 12

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 12

: this is part of the same membrane as the Rough
ER, but it lacks the ribosomes. Important chemical reactions occur on the membrane of the
Smooth ER, including making hormones (testosterone), detoxification (removing drugs from the
blood), and making phospholipids for the plasma membrane.

Front 13

Ribosomes

Back 13

these are small structures that are either attached to the Rough ER (making it look
bumpy or rough) or floating free in the cytoplasm. Protein synthesis occurs inside of the
ribosome. Cells that produce a lot of proteins, such as beta cells in the pancreas, have a lot of
ribosomes. Ribosomes have two parts, a large subunit and a small subunit, that snap together
when the ribosome is making a protein

Front 14

Golgi apparatus

Back 14

a set of flat saccules (small sacs) sitting beside each other. The Golgi apparatus
receives molecules at one end, modifies them, packages them, and sends them out the other
end. Proteins produced on the Rough ER are sent to the Golgi apparatus for finishing and
packaging before being transported out of the body.

Front 15

Mitochondria

Back 15

: relatively small structures that are highly specialized to carry out the chemical
reactions that convert sugar into ATP. Cells that require more ATP, such as muscle cells, have
more mitochondria

Front 16

Cytoskeleton

Back 16

: a set of protein fibres of varying sizes that criss-cross through the cytoplasm.
Larger fibres, the microtubules, help maintain the shape of the cell and act as tracks for
organelles and other structures to move along. Smaller fibres, the actin filaments, occur in
bundles and are part of structures that create movement. Sperm cells have long tails made of
actin filaments. Respiratory cells have small projections of short actin filaments that move
debris out of the airway.

Front 17

Lysosomes

Back 17

: small, thick-walled vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes. These enzymes
are used to destroy damaged or unnecessary cell parts or invading bacteria or viruses.

Front 18

Phospholipids

Back 18

a macromolecule made of a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic lipid
tail. The majority of the plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer.

Front 19

Protein Channel

Back 19

a large, tunnel-shaped protein that allows molecules to pass from one side of
the plasma membrane to the other

Front 20

Smaller Proteins

Back 20

proteins that are found throughout the plasma membrane close to the inner
and outer surfaces. These proteins serve as anchors for carbohydrates, lipids, other proteins,
and cytoskeleton fibres. One other important function of these proteins is they connect with
molecules on the outside of the cell and then trigger a series of chemical reactions through to
the inside of the cell. This is how cells receive environmental signals.

Front 21

Carbohydrate Chain

Back 21

attaches to proteins on the outside of the plasma membrane. These
carbohydrates act as receptors for molecules that pass by the c ell and identify the cell type.

Front 22

Cholesterol

Back 22

: small, dense structures dispersed throughout the plasma membrane. These
molecules maintain the integrity of the membrane as the temperature in the environment of
the cell changes. As the temperature increases, the cholesterol prevents the membrane
molecules from spreading apart too much. As the temperature decreases, the cholesterol
prevents the membrane molecules from compacting together into a solid mass

Front 23

3 parts specific to plant cells and their functions

Back 23

Cell Wall - protection and support

Chloroplast - photosynthesis

Central Vacuole - water storage and site of chemical reactions

Front 24

Describe Transcripton

Back 24

You need to know the complementary base pairing
rules between DNA and RNA and be able to pair DNA bases and RNA bases to produce a
molecule of mRNA.

Front 25

Describe Translation

Back 25

You need to know what codons, anticodons, mRNA,
tRNA, and ribosomes are and what their roles are during translation.

Front 26

Study cracking the code of life

Back 26

Do it

Front 27

Oral cavity

Back 27

entrance to the digestive system, site of starch digestion

Front 28

Teeth

Back 28

physical digestion of food

Front 29

Salivary glands

Back 29

secretion of saliva and amylase

Front 30

Epiglottis

Back 30

flap of tissue that closes over the trachea to direct food into the esophagus

Front 31

Esophogus

Back 31

– the tube that connects the oral cavity and the stomach

Front 32

Stomach

Back 32

storage organ, beginning of protein digestion, acid environment to activate protein enzyme
and destroy pathogens in the food

Front 33

Liver

Back 33

accessory organ that produces bile for fat digestion

Front 34

Gall Bladder

Back 34

accessory organ that concentrates bile for fat digestion

Front 35

Pancreas

Back 35

accessory organ that produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach contents, produces
and secretes enzymes for all food groups

Front 36

Small Intestine

Back 36

– the site of digestion of all food groups, absorption of all nutrients

Front 37

Large Intestine

Back 37

the site of absorption of water, vitamins, habitat for bacteria

Front 38

Rectum

Back 38

– formation and storage of feces

Front 39

Anus

Back 39

opening that eliminates feces

Front 40

Nasal Cavity

Back 40

– air intake, air is warmed, filtered, and moistened

Front 41

Epiglottis

Back 41

the flap of tissue that closes the trachea when there is food in the oral cavity

Front 42

Trachea

Back 42

– cartilage-ringed tube that delivers air to the bronchi

Front 43

Bronchus

Back 43

– cartilage-ringed tubes that deliver air to the lungs

Front 44

Bronchioles

Back 44

– cartilage-ringed tubes that deliver air to the alveoli

Front 45

Lungs

Back 45

the organs of gas exchange

Front 46

Alveoli

Back 46

thin walled chambers where gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Front 47

Heart

Back 47

– the pump of the cardiovascular system, contracts to move the blood throughout the body

Front 48

Right Atrium

Back 48

receives the blood from the vena cavae returning blood to the heart from the body

Front 49

Left Atrium

Back 49

– receives blood from the pulmonary vein returning blood to the heart from the lungs

Front 50

Right Ventricle

Back 50

pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery to go the lungs to be oxygenated

Front 51

Left Ventricle

Back 51

pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta to go to the body

Front 52

Superior and inferior vena cavae

Back 52

– returns blood to the heart from the head/arms and body

Front 53

Pulmonary artery

Back 53

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Front 54

Pulmonary vein

Back 54

carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

Front 55

Aorta

Back 55

– carries oxygenated blood to the body

Front 56

Arterioles

Back 56

smallest veins leading into the capillary bed

Front 57

Capillary bed

Back 57

– smallest, thinnest vessels where diffusion with cells takes place

Front 58

Venules

Back 58

smallest vessels leading from the capillary bed to the heart

Front 59

Hepatic Portal Vein

Back 59

vessel carrying blood from the digestive system to the liver

Front 60

Steps of the scientific method

Back 60

1. Observation and/or question: what have you noticed or what do you want to know?
2. Hypothesis: your initial explanation
3. Experiment or study: what you are going to do try to determine if your hypothesis is correct
4. Results: what did you find out?
5. Conclusion: what do your results mean? Do they support your hypothesis?
6. What question arises from this work?

Front 61

Inheritence

Back 61

the study of how these genes and traits are passed from one generation to the next,
including predicting the outcomes of genetic crosses.

Front 62

Allele

Back 62

allele is an alternative form of a gene

Front 63

Sex chromosomes

Back 63

Sex chromosomes contain genes that have instructions for building and operating the sex organs that
determine the sex (male or female) of a person.

Front 64

Autosomes

Back 64

Autosomes are the chromosomes that contain genes that do not control the sex of the individual.

Front 65

Homozygous

Back 65

If the alleles are the same, the pair is called homozygous.

Front 66

Heterozygous

Back 66

If the alleles are different, the
pair is called heterozygous

Front 67

Single-gene cross

Back 67

A single-gene cross is when we look at one trait at a time to determine the possible outcomes of a cross
between two individuals.

Front 68

Hybrid

Back 68

A hybrid is another way to describe the heterozygote

Front 69

Dihybrid

Back 69

e. A dihybrid is
the situation where a person is heterozygous for two traits. A dihybrid cross is a cross between two
individuals that are both heterozygous for two traits (TtAa and TtAa).

Front 70

Karyotype

Back 70

A karyotype is a picture of the chromosomes from a cell. A karyotype is created when cells are sampled
from an area of the body that is undergoing division. Recall that cells that are actively dividing have
chromosomes that are condensed and visible under a light microscope. The cells are treated to release
the condensed chromosomes from the nucleus and the chromosomes are photographed. The
chromosomes are organized in homologous pairs from largest to smallest, with the sex chromosomes
set at the end. Doctors use the karyotype to determine if a person has a genetic abnormality related to
chromosome structure or number.