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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: root hairs
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tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells of the root; greatly increase the absorbing surface of the root
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Define: endodermis
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a single layer of cells forming a sheath around the vascular region in roots and some stems; the endodermal cells area characterized by a Casparian strip w/in radial and transvers walls. In roots and stems of seed plants, the endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex
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Define: casparian strips
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a bandlike region of primary wall containing suberin and lignin; found in anticlinical - radial and transverse - walls of endodermal and exodermal cells
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Define: pericycle
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a tissue characteristic of roots that is bounded externally by the endodermis and internally by the phloem
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Define: simple leaf
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an undivided leaf; as opposed to a compound leaf
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Define: midrib
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the central. usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ
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Define: veins
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a vascular bundle forming a part of the framework of the conducting and supporting tissue of a leaf or other expanded organ
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Define: compound leaf
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a leaf whose blade is divided into several distinct leaflets
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Define: pinnate net venation
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one large central vein (midrib) present w/smaller lateral veins that diverge in pairs or pair-like manner, each on the opposite side of the midrib
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Define: palmate net venation
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several main veins of equal size diverge from the petiole where it joins the lamina
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Define: root hairs
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tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells of the root; greatly increase the absorbing surface of the root
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Define: endodermis
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a single layer of cells forming a sheath around the vascular region in roots and some stems; the endodermal cells area characterized by a Casparian strip w/in radial and transvers walls. In roots and stems of seed plants, the endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex
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Define: casparian strips
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a bandlike region of primary wall containing suberin and lignin; found in anticlinical - radial and transverse - walls of endodermal and exodermal cells
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Define: pericycle
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a tissue characteristic of roots that is bounded externally by the endodermis and internally by the phloem
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Define: simple leaf
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an undivided leaf; as opposed to a compound leaf
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Define: pinnately compound
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has elongated central rachis (midrib) to which leaflets are attached opposite one another along its length - a terminal leaflet is often present at the tip of the rachis
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Define: rachis
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main axis of a spike; the axis of a fern leaf (frond), from which the pinnae arise; compound leaves, the extension of the petiole corresponding to the midrib of an entire leaf, this is commonly seen as the structure to which leaflets are attached
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Define: palmately compound
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rachis is not elongated and the leaflet are closely attached to it at one locus
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Define: venation
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pattern of veins in the leaf
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Define: net venation
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shape in which the veins are structured
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Define: parallel venation
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major and minor veins run parallel to one another- these area interconnected by Commisural Bundles which diverge at angles approaching 90 degrees. This is the most common pattern used to describe venation in MONOCOTS
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Define: lamina or blade
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flat part of the leaf
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Define: petiole
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stem like structure which attaches the lamina and the stem
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Define: axil
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upper angle where the petiole meets the stem
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Define: simple leaf
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has only ONE lamina/blade
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Define: compound leaf
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has several lamin/blade attached to one petiole
each unit is called a leaflet |
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Define: phyllotaxy
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the arrangement of leaves on a stem
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Define: alternate
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leaf arrangement in which there is one bud or one leaf at a node, so the leaves alternate along the stem
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Define: opposite
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leaves occuring in pairs at a node, leaves are opposite one another along the stem
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Define: whorled
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arrangement of three or more leaves or floral parts in a circle at a node
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Define: sessile
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attached directly by the base; referring to a leaf lacking a petiole of to a flower or fruit lacking a pedicel
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Define: stipule
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an appendage, often leaflike, tha occurs on either side of the basal part of a leaf, or encircles the stem, in many kinds of flowering plants
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Define: pubescence
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a covering of soft short hairs
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Define: prickles
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a hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant, involving several layers of cells but no containing a vein
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Define: spines
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a hard, sharp pointed structure; usually a modified leaf, or part of a leaf
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Define: thorns
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a hard, woody, pointed branch
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Define: tendrils
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a modified leaf or part of a leaf or stem modified into a slender coiling structure that aids in support of the stems; tendrils occur only in some angiosperms
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Define: leaf abscission
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the dropping of leaves, flowers, fruits, or other plant parts, usually following the formation of an abscission zone
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Define: leaf scar
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a scar left on a twig when a leaf falls
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Define: vascular bundle scar
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look up . . .
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Define: terminal bud
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is the primary growing point at the apex of the stem (top)
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Define: leaf trace
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that part of a vascular bundle extending from the base of the leaf to its connection w/a vascular bundle in the stem
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Define: leaf anatomy
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the leaf is the primary photosynthetic organ of the plant, the makeup of the plant is key to understanding the plants genetic makep
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Define: upper epidermis
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lignifies xylem are situated toward the upper epidermis
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Define: lower epidermis
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the phloem is located the lower epidermis
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Define: stomata
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a minute opening, bordered by guard cells, in the epidermis of leaves and stems through which gases pass; also used to refer to the entire stomatal apparatus - the guard cells plus their included pore
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Define: mesophyll
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the ground tissue of a leaf, located between the layers of epidermis; meophyll cells generally contain chloroplasts
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Define: palisade parenchyma
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a leaf tissue composed of columnar chloroplast-bearing parenchyma cells w/their long axes at right angles to the leaf surface
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Define: spongy parenchyma
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a leaf tissue compsed of loosely arranged, chloroplast-bearing cells
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Define: vascular bundles
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a strand of tissue containing primary xylem and primary phloem (and procambium if still present) and frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of parenchyma or fibers
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Define: bundle sheath
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layer or layers of cells surrounding a vascular bundle; may consist of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells, or both
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Define: water and mineral transport
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most plants secure the water and minerals they need from their roots
The path taken is: soil->roots->stems->leaves |
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Identify 2 forms of water transport?
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1) apoplast- cell wall->around the cortex->into endoderm->pericycle->xylem
2) symplast- enters through plasmodesmata, enters the cell walls->epidermis->cortex->endodermis->pericycle->xylem vessels and or tracheids |
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Define: minerals
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a naturally ocurring chemical element or inorganic compound
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Define: transpiration
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the loss of water vapor by plant parts; most transpiration occurs through stomata
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Define: root pressure
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the pressure developed in roots as the result of osmosi, which causes guttation of waterfrom leaves and exudation from cut stumps
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Define: guttation
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the exudation of liquid water from leaves; caused by root pressure
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Define: translocation
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in plants, the long-distance transport of water, minerals, or food; most ofter used to refer to food transport
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Define: phloem loading
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the process by which substances (primarily sugars) are actively secreted into the sieve tubes
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Define: osmosis
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the diffusion of water, or any solvent, across a selectively permeable membrane; in the absence of other forces, the movement of water during osmosis will always be from a region of greater water potential to one of lesser water potential
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