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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1.)science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses 2.)study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern 3.)taxonomic groups are now based on hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships derived from __ 4.)are African or Asian elephants larger |
taxonomy systematics systematics African |
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1.)are savanna or forest elephants larger 2.)what else is different about forest and savanna elephants 3.)what is Loxodonta aftricana 4.)what is loxodonta cyclotis 5.)what is Elephas maximus
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savanna forest have more circular ears African savanna elephant African forest elephant Asian elephant |
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1.)name the hierarchy of things 2.)how many supergroups do Eukarya have 3.)three domains of taxonomy 4.)kingdom for homonoids 5.)phylum for homonoids 6.)class for homonoids 7.)order for homonoids |
1.)domain, supergroup, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 2.)7 3.)bacteria, archaea, eukarya 4.)Animalia 5.)Choedota(also sharks-have cartilage, not bone) 6.)mammilia (hair, mammary glands) 7.)Primates |
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1.)family for homonoids 2.)genus for homonoids 3.)species for homonoids 4.)taxonomy is a __system involving successive levels 5.)each group at any level is called a __ 6.)__is the highest level 7.)__have no nucleus, but __do |
Hominidae homo sapiens hierarchical taxon domain prokaryotes, eukaryotes
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1.)__have a circular chromosome, __have a linear one 2.)Archaea have __bonds, while bacteria have __bonds (membrane lipids) 3.)__is a kingdom with unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization 4.)with bionomial nomenclature, genus name and species __(word that describes another word) are written |
prokaryotes, eukaryotes ether, ester Monera epithet |
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1.)genus name is always __and the species epithet is never __ 2.)both names are either __ or __ 3.)__are rules for naming, it is established and regulated by international associations 4.)__is evolutionary history of a species or group of species 5.)to propose a phylogeny, biologist use the tools of __ |
capitalized, capitalized italicized, underlined binomial nomenclature phylogeny systematics |
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1.)__are usually based on morphological or genetic data 2.)__is a diagram that describes phylogeny 3.)new species can be formed by __, which is a single species evolves into a different species, or __ when a species diverges into 2 or more species 4.)the phylogenetic tree is basically a __of evolutionary relationships among various species and is based on available __ |
trees phylogenetic tree anagenesis, cladogenesis hypothesis, information |
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1.)cell compartmentalization is only found in __ 2.)a __group is a group of species, taxon, consisting of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants 3.)what else is a monophyletic group called 4.)smaller and more recent clades are nested within __clades that have older common ancestors |
eukaryotes monophyletic clade larger |
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1.)over time, taxonomic groups will be reorganized so only __groups are recognized 2.)__group contains a common ancestor but not all of its descendants 3.)__group contains groups of species with different common ancestors 4.)__is similarities among various species that occur because they are derived from a common ancestor |
monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic homology |
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1.)examples of homology 2.)genes can also be __if they are derived from the same ancestral gene 3.)first systematic studies focused on __features of extinct and modern species 4.)__evolution (traits arise independently due to adaptations to similar environments) can cause problems |
bat wing, human arm, and cat front leg homologous morphological convergent |
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1.)__systematics is the analysis of genetic data, such as DNA and amino acid sequences, to identify and study genetic homologies and propose phylogenetic trees 2.)__and __sequences from closely related species are more similar to each other than to sequences from more distantly related species 3.)__is the study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships |
molecular DNA, amino acid cladistics |
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1.)cladistics approach discriminates among possible phylogenetic trees by considering the various possible pathways of evolutionary changes and then choosing the tree that requires the __complex explanation for all of the available data 2.)phylogenetic trees are also called __
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least cladograms |
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1.)cladistics approach compares homologous traits, also called __, which may exist in two or more character states 2.)a character shared by two or more organisms or groups and inherited from a remote or much earlier common ancestor (shared primitive character). 3.)symplesiomorphy diagnoses a __group |
characters symplesiomorphy paraphyletic |
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1.)a character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form 2.)shared __character or symplesiomorphy, it is shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor |
synapomorphy primitive |
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1.)shared __character or synapmorphy, it is shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent common ancestor 2.)__point is when 2 species differ in shared derived characters 3.)__is the group we are interested in 4.)__is the species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before the species in the ingroup |
derived branch ingroup outgroup |
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1.)an outgroup will lack one or more shared __characters that are found in the ingroup 2.)cladogram can also be constructed with __sequences 3.)7 species called __ 4.)a mutation that changes the DNA sequence is analogous to a __of a characteristic 5.)when constructing a cladogram, first you choose a species then choose __ |
derived gene A-G modification characters |
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1.)the next step of constructing a cladogram is to determine __of character states (is it primitive or derived) 2.)next you analyze the __based on a few things 3.)cladogram is based on all __(or higher taxa) and are placed on tips in the phylogenetic tree, not a branch points |
polarity cladogram species |
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1.)each cladogram branch point should have a list of one or more shared __characters that are common to all species above the branch point unless the character is later modified 2.)all shared derived characters appear together only once in a cladogram unless they arose __during evolution more than once 3.)the next step of constructing a cladogram is choosing the most likely ___ among possible options |
derived independently cladogram |
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1.)the last step of constructing a cladogram is choosing a noncontroversial __as root 2.)in general, __is the principle that the simplest explanation that can explain the data is to be preferred. 3.)__is the preferred hypothesis that is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states |
outgroup parsimony parsimony |
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1.)challenge in a cladistics approach is to determine the correct __of events 2.)it may not always be obvious which traits are __and came earlier and which are __and came later in evolution, so __may be analyzed 3.)4 taxa called __ 4.)__is the outgroup and has all the __states |
polarity primitive, derived, fossils A-D A, primitive |
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1.)there are 3 potential trees, tree 3 requires fewest number of mutations so it is the most __ 2.)a __is usually defined as a monophyletic group 3.)the average rate at which a species' genome accumulates mutations, used to measure their evolutionary divergence and in other calculations. 4.)favorable mutations are __and detrimental mutations are __ |
parsimonious taxon molecular clock rare, eliminated |
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1.)most mutations are __ 2.)if neutral mutations occur at a constant rate they can be used to measure __time 3.)longer periods of time since divergence allows for a greater accumulation of __ 4.)not all organisms __at the same rate, there are differences in __times |
neutral evolutionary mutations evolve, generation |
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1.)for primate evolution, evolutionary relationships derived by comparing DNA sequences for __, it tends to change fairly __on an evolutionary timescale 2.)__is the component of respiratory chain in mitochondria and prokaryotes 3.)with primate evolution, there are __branch points to examine (A, D, E) |
cytochrome oxidase subunit II, rapidly Cox II 3
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1.)with ancestor A, this ancestor diverged into 2 species that ultimately gave rise to __and the other 5 species 2.)it took __million years for siamang genome to accumulate changes different from the other 5 species 3.)with ancestor D, this ancestor diverged into 2 species that eventually gave rise to __and chimps |
siamangs 23 humans |
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1.)differences in gene sequences b/w humans and chimps are relatively __ 2.)with ancestor E, this ancestor diverged into 2 species of __ 3.) two modern species of chimps have __differences in their gene sequences 4.)__and colleagues extracted DNA from extinct flightless birds and modern species to propose a new phylogenetic tree |
moderate chimps fewer cooper |
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1.)cooper used ancient DNA analysis or __paleontology 2.)under certain conditions DNA samples may be stable as long as __to __years 3.)__colonized twice by the ancestors of flightless birds, first by __ancestor then by __ancestor |
molecular 50,000-100,000 New Zealand, moa, kiwi |
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1.)__is any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism 3.)__evolution involves changes in species due to descent from a common ancestor |
horizontal gene transfer vertical vertical |
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1.)__gene transfer is the transfer of genes b/w different species 2.)horizontal gene transfer is a significant role in __of all living species 3.)horizontal gene transfer is still prevalent among __but less common in __ |
horizontal phylogeny prokaryotes, eukaryotes |
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1.)horizontal gene transfer may have been so prevalent that the universal ancestor may have been a __of cell lineages 2.)one of the most prominent features of the bacteria and archaea is their __ 3.)of all the newly discovered species of bacteria and archaea, only __% have been cultured in the lab
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community diversity 1 |
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1.)many species are known only as distinctive __sequences 2.)prokaryotes lack __and other cellular features typical of eukaryotes 3.)two domains of prokaryotes 4.)the domain __possess a number of features in common with he eukaryotic nucleus and cytoplasm, suggesting common ancestory |
molecular nucleus archaea and bacteria (Eubacteria) archaea |
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1.)one thing suggesting common ancestry between archaea and eukaryotes is __proteins 2.)the membrane__ of archaea differ from those in eukaryoes or bacteria 3.)the membrane lipids of archaea are more resistant to __and other extreme conditions 4.)Archaea have __linked membranes
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histone lipids heat ether |
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1.)are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. 2.)__can occupy habitats with very high salt content, acidity, methane levels, or high temps 3.)__grows in deep-sea thermal vents at 98 degrees celcius, they are classified as __ 4.)__grows in hot springs at pH 3 |
histones extremophiles Methanopyrus, hyperthermophiles sulfolobus |
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1.)__are salt lovers 2.)Kingdom (Phyla) __ consist of sulfolobus and others that grow in extreme hot or cold 3.)kingdom (Phyla) __ consist of methane producers and extreme halophiles 4.)kingdom (Phyla) __ oxidize ammonia (important in nitrogen cycling) |
halophiles Crenarchaeota Euryachaeota Thaumarchaeota |
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1.)Kingdom (phyla) __ consist of organisms in hot springs 2.)kingdom (phyla) __ consist of hyperthermophiles 3.)__requires a very hot environment 4.)in the kingdom Nanoarchaeota, __are found in thermal vents 5.)there are __or so bacteria phyla |
Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota hyperthermophiles Nanoarchaeum equitans 50
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1.)are the structural and metabolic features of half of the bacteria unknown? 2.)some bacteria live in extreme environments, but man more favor __condition 3.)__, a major group of the domain bacteria, have an amazing diversity of form and metabolism 4.)how many subgroups of proteobacteria |
yes moderate proteobacteria 5 |
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1.)__proteobacteria are ancestors of mitochondria 2.)__, an alpha proteobacteria, has nutritionally beneficial associatins with roots of legumes 3.)__are also a major type of alpha proteobacteria 4.)__is a major type of beta proteobacteria that is important in the nitrogen cycle |
alpha Rhizobium agrobacterium nitrosomonas
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1.)__is another type of beta proteobacteria associated with sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea 2.)__is a type of gamma proteobacteria associated with cholera 3.)two other types of gamma proteobacteria 4.)two types of delta proteobacteria 5.)type of epsilon proteobacteria that cause stomach ulcers |
Neisseria vibrio Salmonella, E. coli myxobacteria, bdellovibrios helicobacter |
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1.)__are photosynthetic bacteria abundant in fresh waters, oceans, and wetlands and on surfaces or arid soils 2.)cyanobacteria is named for __ or cyan color 3.)cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes that generate __as a product of photosynthesis 4.)cyanobacteria gave rise to __of eukaryotic algae and plant |
cyanobacteria blue-green oxygen plastids |
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1.)what bacteria display the greatest structural diversity found among bacterial phyla (filaments, branching filaments) 2.)with cyanobacteria, they have single cells or colonies and the colonies held together by __ 3.)the essential ecological roles of cyanobacteria is producing organic __and fixing __ |
cyanobacteria mucilage carbon, nitrogen |
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1.)a polysaccharide substance extracted as a viscous or gelatinous solution from plant roots, seeds, etc., and used in medicines and adhesives. 2.)a problem with cyanobacteria 3.)a lot of cyanobacteria growth is due to excess growth from __and agricultural runoff, the toxic levels can be harmful to animals (humans) |
mucilage a lot grows in freshwater lakes in warm seasons fertilizers |
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1.)__gene transfer is movement of one or more genes from one species to another 2.)horizontal gene transfer is also known as __gene transfer 3.)horizontal gene transfer contrasts with __gene transfer from parent to progeny 4.)horizontal gene transfer increases __ 5.)__gene transfer influences the methods used to infer the phylogeny of bacteria and archaea |
horizontal lateral vertical genetic diversity horizontal |
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1.)can horizontal gene transfer result in large genetic changes 2.)at least __% of the genes present in the common human gut inhabitant E. coli came from other bacteria 3.)with horizontal gene transfer, it allows new metabolic processes to be acquired despite lacking the sexual processes typical of __ |
yes 17 eukaryotes |
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1.)horizontal gene transfer has the potential to interfere with human efforts to deduce __relationships 2.)molecular systematists employ __RNA genes and other sequences thought to less often move horizontally and thus more accurately reflect patterns of vertical inheritance 3.)did bacteria and archaea evolve from a common ancestor |
evolutionary ribosomal (rRNA) yes |
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1.)eukaryotic nucleus and cytoplasm likely arose in an ancient __organism 2.)mitochondria and plastids originated from proteobacteria and cyanobacteria by __ 3.)bacteria and archaea are amazingly diverse, but many phyla and species lack scientific names, why? 4.)bacteria and archaea share __size, __growth, and simple cellular structure |
Achaean endosymbiosis microbiologist know little about them small, rapid, |
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1.)bacteria and archaea are __-__ micrometers in diameter, about the size of a RBC 2.)most plant and animal cells are b/w __and __micrometers in diameter 3.)small cell size limits the amount of materials that can be stored within cells but allows faster cell _(several times per day) 4.)prokaryotic cells are much __than eukaryotic cells |
1-5 10, 100 division simpler |
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1.)prokaryotes have __ingrowths of plasma membrane that increase surface area for photosynthesis 2.)thylakoids are found in __and __bacteria 3.)__are magnetite crystals 4.)magnetosomes are __like and helps located low __, found in subsurface __habitats 5.)animals=__ |
thylakoid cyanobacteria, photosynthetic magnetosomes compass, oxygen, aquatic navigation |
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1.)in prokaryotes, nucleus like bodies from the __membrane invaginations are there for protecting DNA from other cellular influences 2.)in prokaryotes, cellular proteins similar to eukaryotic ___(microtubules) 3.)for prokaryotes, is there possible ancestral form of cytoskeleton? |
plasma tubulin yes |
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1.)5 major shapes of bacteria, spheres=__, rods=__, comma-shaped=__, spiral shaped=__ and __ 2.)__are flexible while __are rigid, in reference to spiral shaped bacteria 3.)some shapes of bacteria occur as single cells, __, or filaments |
cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirochaetes, spirilli spirochaetes, spirilli pairs |
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1.)__are composed of polysaccharides, proteins or both, and are secreted by cells 2.)functions of mucilage include evading host __, helps __in water(aquatic species), binds __nutrients, repels __, and it holds colony together and also to the substrate(___) 3.)the cell wall structure maintains cell __and helps protect against attack |
1.)mucilage 2.)defenses, float, mineral, predators, biofilms-plaque 3.)shape |
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1.)the cell wall structure helps to avoid lysis In __solutions 2.)archaea and some bacteria use __as their cell walls 3.)most bacteria use __as their cell wall 4.)gram __bacteria have a relatively thick peptidoglycan layer |
hypotonic protein peptidoglycan positive |
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1.)gram positive bacteria hold __dye in there thick layer and they are stained __ 2.)gram positive bacteria is vulnerable to __which interferes in cell wall synthesis 3.)gram negative bacteria have less __and have a thin outer __of lipopolysaccharides 4.)gram negative bacteria is resistant to __ 5.)gram negative bacteria lose purple stain but retain final __stain |
purple, purple penicillin peptidoglycan, envelope penicillin pink |
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1.)with gram negative bacteria, cells are stained __and they are resistant to penicillin and requires other __ 2.)__basically means move to favorable conditions 3.)bacteria respond to __signals 4.)bacteria can swim, twitch, __or adjust __ |
pink, antibiotics motility chemical glide, flotation |
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1.)__is used for swimming in bacteria 2.)is bacteria flagella different from eukaryotic flagella 3.)flagella is like an outboard boat __ 4.)does flagella differ in number and location 5.)__are responsible for twitching or gliding 6.)__are threadlike cell surface structures |
flagella yes motor yes pili pili |
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1.)pili __and __to make its movement 2.)the purpose of pili is directional movement towards __ 3.)__adjust buoyancy and move up or down in water column 4.)what bacteria use gas vesicles 5.)__is when cells divide by splitting in two |
extend, retract food gas vesicles cyanobacteria binary fission |
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1.)__is the basis for widely used method of detecting and counting bacteria in samples 2.)when using binary fission for lab purposes, place measured volume of sample into plastic dishes of agar and single cells will form visible __ 3.)with binary fission in the laboratory, __dye can also be used that binds bacterial DNA to directly count bacteria |
binary fission colonies fluroescent |
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1.)when surviving harsh conditions, __develop when stressed and an germinate into metabolically active cells under favorable conditions 2.)is a thick-walled dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It serves as a survival structure 3.)akinetes often develop before __ |
akinetes akinetes winter |
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1.)akinetes are aquatic filamentous __ 2.)__are tough protein coats that has an amazingly long dormant span (100s of years) 3.)bacilluls anthracis, clostridium botulinum, and clostridium tetani all have __ 4.)when obtaining genetic material bacteria can use __which is via a viral vector, __which is via uptake of DNA from environment, or __which is via mating with another cell |
cyanobacteria endospores endospores transduction, transformation, conjugation |
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1.)bacteria have more diverse types of __than any other group of organisms 2.)bacteria can be classified by nutrition, response to __, and presence of specialized __processes 3.)__produce all or most of their own organic compounds |
metabolism oxygen, metabolic autotrophs |
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1.)__use light as energy source for synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 or H2S 2.)__use energy obtained from chemical modification of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds 3.)__are organisms that require at least one organic compound, and often more
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photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs heterotrophs |
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1.)__are able to use light energy to make ATP bu they must take in organic compounds from the environment 2.)__must obtain organic molecules for both energy and carbon source 3.)__aerobes require oxygen 4.)__aerobes can use oxygen or not 5.)__cannot tolerate oxygen |
photoheterotrophs chemoorganotroph obligant faculative obligant anaerobes
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1.)__do not use oxygen but are not poisoned by it 2.)__conduct nitrogen fixation 3.)the enzyme __converts inorganic nitrogen gas into ammonia 4.)plants depend on _to make nitrogen containing compounds 5.)a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that is common in the soil, especially in the root nodules of leguminous plants
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aerotolerant anaerobes diazotrophs nitrogenase ammonia Rhizobium |
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1.)a large, transparent, thick-walled cell found in the filaments of certain blue-green algae and in certain fungi, it is specialized cells 2.)in reference to ecological roles, producers synthesize organic compounds used by other organisms as __ 3.)decomposers or __ breakdown dead organisms to release minerals for reuse 4.)__make methane |
heterocysts food saprobes methanogens |
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1.)methanotrophs consume __ 2.)__breakdown living tissue 3.)__is an association beneficial to both partners 4.)many aquatic protists depend on bacterial partners for __ 5.)__is when one partner benefits at the expense of the other 6.)examples of parasitism
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methane parasites mutualism vitamins parasitism cholera, leprosy, tetanus, pneumonia, Lyme dis. |
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1.)__kills the host 2.)some industrial things bacteria can do is produce __products 3.)bacteria can also be useful in treating __, industrial effluent, and other harmful substances 4.)in agriculture, __produces Bt-toxins |
parasotoid dairy wastewater (bioremediation) Bacillus thuringiensis |
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1.)the treatment of pollutants or waste (as in an oil spill, contaminated groundwater, or an industrial process) by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that break down the undesirable substances 2.)eukaryotes are not classified in the plant animal or fungal kingdoms, though some __are closely related to plants animals or fungi |
bioremediation protist |
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1.)two common characteristics of protest include that they are most abundant in __habitats, and most of them are __in size 2.)with protest, they do not form __groups, they use __ 3.)protists are classified by __role 4.)__are photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic, they are not monophyletic |
moist, microscopic monophyletic, supergroupds ecological algae |
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1.)__are heterotrophic and are not monophyletic 2.)__resemble fungi in body form and absorptive nutrition 3.)fungus-like are more closely related to __ 4.)protists are particularly common and diverse in __, lakes, __and rivers 5.)__are swimming or floating |
protozoa fungus-like diatoms oceans, wetlands plankton
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1.)plankton also includes __, __ and small animals 2.)phytoplankton are __ 3.)__are plankton that are heterotrophic 4.)plankton occur primarily as single cells, __ or filaments 5.)phyto refers to what 6.)__(plant like) are attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces |
bacteria, viruses photosynthetic protozoan colonies plants periphyton |
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1.)periphyton includes __and produce __bodies 2.)protists swim using eukaryotic __ 3.)__rapidly bend and straighten, pushing or pulling 4.)some flagellated reproductive cells are for __and dispersal 5.)__are shorter and more abundant than flagella |
seaweeds, multicellular flagella flagellates mating cilia |
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1.)__are usually larger than flagellates 2.)a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding. 3.)__movement uses pseudopodia 4.)protest can also __on proteins or carbohydrate slime 5.)__is the first supergroup and it is related to some of earths earliest eukaryotes, it is named for a feed groove (___) into the cells of many representatives |
ciliates pseudopodia amoeboid (amoebae) glide excavate, (excavated) |
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1.)A mode of nutrition in which particulate food is ingested. 2.)for excavate, food particles are taken into cells by __ 3.)the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. 4.)__is an evolutionary basis for endosymbiosis |
phagotrophy phagotrophy endocytosis endocytosis |
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1.)still in reference to excavata, some include __ which attach host cells and absorb food particles released 2.)___(sexually transmitted infection) and __(intestinal infection) are also classified under excavata 3.)Excavata includes what 3 protists 4.)are defined by the presence of a nonfunctional, mitochrondrial-remnant organelle called a mitosome. |
parasites trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lamblia diplomonads, parabasalids, Euglenozoans diplomonads |
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1.) are characterized by a semi-functional mitochondria referred to as a hydrogenosome; they are comprised of parasitic protists, such as Trichomonas vaginalis. 2.)can be classified as mixotrophs, heterotrophs, autotrophs, and parasites; they are defined by their use of flagella for movement |
parabasalids Euglenozoans |
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1.)parabasalids possess highly modified mitochondria called __that produce hydrogen gas 2.)___(part of excavata) have flagellates named for euglena 3.)__is a genus of single-celled flagellate protists. 4.)euglenozoa have disk shaped mitochondrial __ 5.)__have an unusually large mass of DNA, example is Trypansosoma brucei |
hydrogenosomes Euglenozoa euglena cristae kinetoplastids
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1.)what is Trypansosoma brucei 2.)eulgenoids have unique interlocking protein strips beneath the __ that allow them to crawl trhough mud 3.)crawling through mud is an example of euglenoid movement or __ 4.)before the year of 2009, the super group of land plants and relatives was called __ |
sleeping sickness plasma membrane metaboly Archaeplastida |
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1.)land plants and relatives obtained plastids by __ 2.)primary plastids have an envelope with __membranes 3.)4 examples of land plants and relatives 4.)crytophyta have __plastids |
1.)primary endosymbiosis 2.)2 3.)red algae, green algae, kingdom plantae, cryptophyta 4.)secondary |
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1.)the origin of plastids is explained by __, which is the act of a unicellular heterotrophic protist engulfing a free-living photosynthetic cyanobacterium and retaining it, instead of digesting it in the food vacuole 2.)___ plastids are found in most algae and plants |
endosymbiosis primary |
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1.)__plastids are more-complex plastids are typically found in plankton, such as diatoms and dinoflagellates 2.)all primary plastids originated with a single __event 3.)__have no flagella 4.)sushi wrap is of the genus __which is a red algae |
secondary endosymbiotic red algae porphyra |
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1.)red algae is also used as __which is used to separate DNA molecules by gel electrophoresis 2.)__are unicellular flagellates that contain red, blue-green, and brown plastids 3.)__are unicellular marine photosynthesizers 4.) __is a high-order group of Eukarya whose principal members include ciliates, dinozoa and apicomplexa |
agar and agarose crytomonads haptophytes alveolata |
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1.)__contain ciliates which are used for conjugation 2.)dinoglagellates are classified under what group 3.)__ include some that are photosynthetic, and others are not, they are important in nearshore oceans 4.)__are medically important parasites |
ciliates Dinozoa dinoflagellates Apicomplexa |
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1.)name a medically important parasite for apicomplexa 2.)alveolata is named for a ___-like vesicle present in cell periphery 3.)__include a wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists 4.)do stramenopila usually produce flagellated cells at some point |
Plasmodium (malaria agent) sac stramenopila yes |
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1.)stramenopila are named for distinctive __hairs on the surface of flagella 2.)stramenopila plastids are from secondary __ 3.)the plastids have more than __envelopes and originate with incorportation of a cell with a __plastid 4.)__have thin, hairlike extensions of the cytoplasm called filose pseudopodia |
strawlike endosymbiosis 2, primary rhizaria |
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1.)name a type of Rhizaria 2.)__and __are a part of Rhizaria that consist of ocean plankton and that make mineral shells 3.)Radiolaria and Foraminfera are responsible for the North Sea __deposits 4.)__is used to infer past climates 5.)__include many types of Amoebae |
chlorarachniophyta radiolarian, foraminifera oil Foraminifera Amoebozoa |
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1.)Amoebozoa move using __ 2.)name a type of Amoeboza 3.)under starving conditions, ____ ___, produce fruiting bodies like fungus 4.)__is another type of Amoebozoa this is classified as dog vomit slime mold 5.)__is named for single posterior flagellum (tail) on swimming cells |
pseudopodia Entamoeba histolytica Dictyostelium discoideum Fuligo septica Opisthokonta |
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1.)Opisthokonta is part of the __and __kingdoms 2.)__protists, part of Opisthokonta, feature distinctive collar surrounding flagella and is a modern protists most related to the common ancestor of animals 3.)__are heterotrophs that ingest particles (particle feeding) |
animal, fungal Choanoflagellate phagotrophy |
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1.)__are heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic molecules 2.)__are photosynthetic (make their own nutrients) 3.)__are able to use autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy depending on conditions 4.)__protists are photosynthetic but also consumes bacteria |
osmotrophs autotrophs mixotrophs mixotrophic |
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1.)__feed on non living organic material 2.)__feed on living cells 3.)why is the ocean blue/green 4.)Algal photosynthetic pigments adapt __to capture more light 5.)water absorbs the longer __and __wavelengths more than the shorter __and __ wavelengths |
saprobes parasites variety of pigments photosystems red, yellow, blue, green |
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1.)accessory pigments absorb light and transfer it to __ 2.)slimy __or __defend against herbivores and pathogens 3.)calcium carbonate, silica, iron, and manganese armor are component of what 4.)__are spear-shaped projectiles to discourage herbivores |
chlorophyll a mucilage, cell walls mucilage and cell walls (protect) tichocysts |
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1.)__startles herbivores 2.)__inhibit animal physiology (pfiesteria-a dinoflagellate associated with algal bloom) 3.)all protists can reproduce __ 4.)many protists produce __ with thick, protective walls that remain dormant in bad conditions 5.)many protozoan pathogens spread from one host to another via __ |
bioluminescence toxins asexually cysts cysts |
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1.)eukaryotic sexual reproduction with gametes and zygotes arose among the __ 2.)sexual reproduction is generally adaptive because it produces diverse __ 3.)are zygotic and sporic life cycles a part of sexual reproduction? 4.)zygotic life cycles are mostly __sexually reproducing protists |
protists genotypes yes unicellular |
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1.)with zygotic life cycles, haploid cells transform into __ 2.)the zygotic life cycles have __and __strains 3.)the zygotic life cycle has thick walled diploid zygotes, they survive like __ 4.)the sporic life cycle is also called __ 5.)the sporic life cycle contain many multicellular __and __seaweeds |
gametes positive, negative cysts alteration of generations green, brown |
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1.)with sporic life cycle, haploid gametophyte produces __and diploid sporophyte produces __ 2.)spores are produced how? 3.)red seaweed involves __distinct multicellular generations 4.)with the gametic life cycle, all cells except the __are diploid |
gametes, spores meiosis 3 gametes |
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1.)gametes are produced by __ 2.)what uses gametic life cycle? 3.)diatoms uses __reproduction which reduces the size of the daughter cells 4.)sexual reproduction restores __size 5.)ciliate sexual reproduction=___ |
meiosis diatoms asexual maximal conjugation |
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1.)ciliate sexual reproduction is the most complex sexual process in protists and have __nuclei (single __and one or more micronuclei) 2.)__are the source oft he information for the cell function 3.)when two cells pair and fuse, it is called __ 4.)__undergo meiosis, exchange, fusion and mitosis |
2, macronucleus macronuclei conjugation micronuclei |
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1.)parasitic protists often use more than one __organism, in which different life stages occur 2.)malarial parasite Plasmodium alternate b/w the humans and __mosquitos 3.)parasites go through different stages in different __and host __ 4.)plants are eukaryotic, primarily __organisms that mostly live on land and display many adaptations to life in terrestrial habitats |
host Anopheles hosts, tissue photosynthetic |
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1.)plants most likely evolved from aquatic __ancestors 2.)plants come from a monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic kingdom? 3.)plants probably originated from a single common __ancestor 4.)either __or __are modern protists (streptophyte) most related to ancestry of land plants |
algal monophyletic protists Chara, Coleochaete |
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1.)__include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses 2.)bryophytes are a __phyla and share common structural, reproductive, and ecological features 3.)bryophytes are models of earliest plants and live in __habitats 4.)do bryophytes display features absent from charophycean but present in plants |
bryophytes monophyletic moist yes |
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1.)charophycean display a __life cycle with a one cell diploid zygote while bryophytes and other plants exhibit a __life cycle with alternation of generations 2.)sporic life cycle has __multicellular life stages 3.)diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by __ 4.)spores grow into ___ |
zygotic, sporic 2 meiosis gametophytes |
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1.)haploid gametophytes produce gametes by __ 2.)gametes are nonflagellate eggs and smaller flagellate sperm fuse into single-celled diploid ___ 3.)gametophytes produce __gametes 4.)__protects developing gametes from drying out and microbial attack 5.)__are round or elongate gametangia producing sperm |
mitosis zygotes haploid gametangia antheridia |
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1.)__are flask shaped gametangia enclosing an egg 2.)sperm swim to egg and fuse to form diploid __ 3.)zygotes grow into __ 4.)zygotes remain sheltered and fed within __tissue 5.)young sporophytes are ___ |
archegonia zygote sporophytes gametophyte embryos |
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1.)when mature, spores produced in protective enclosures known as __ 2.)plant spore cell walls contain __to help prevent cellular damage 3.)during evolution, do plant sporophytes become larger and more complex 4.)with bryophytes, __are the dominant generation (in contrast to dominant sporophyte generation in other plants) |
sporangia sporopollenin yes gametophytes |
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1.)with bryophytes are sporophytes dependent on gametophytes and small and short (as opposed to independent, large and long-lived in other plants) 2.)bryophytes are __or lacking tissues for structural support and conduction found in other plants 3.)what 2 plant types are collectively called seedless vascular plants |
yes nonvascular lycophytes, pteridophytes |
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1.)__are more numerous and larger in the past but now about 1000 relatively small species 2.)__are about 12,000 species of ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns 3.) one of the clusters of sporangia on the back of the fronds of ferns, it is spore packages and produce haploid gametes 4.)__diverged prior to the origin of seeds |
lycophytes pteridophytes sori lycophytes and pteridophytes |
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1.)bryophytes are seedless and ___ 2.)lycophytes, pteridophytes and seed-producing plants are vascular plants or __ 3.)an elongated, tapering xylem cell having lignified, pitted, intact walls, adapted for conduction and support; lycophytes and pteridophytes both posses this for water and mineral conduction and structural support |
nonvascular tracheophytes tracheids |
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1.)lycophytes and pteridophytes contain vascular tissue and produce __and reproductive structures 2.)lycophytes and pteridophytes contain ___and __(contains tracheids and lignin) 3.)are the roots specialized for uptake of water and minerals from the soil and the leaves have photosynthetic functions |
leaves phloem, xylem yes |
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1.)a waxy __on the leaves presented on most surfaces of vascular plant sporophytes 2.)__is found in cuticle that helps prevent pathogen attack 3.)__prevents dessication 4.)__are pores that open and close to allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss |
cuticle cutin wax stomata |
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1.)molecular, biological and structural data indicate that the kingdom plantae originated from a photosynthetic protest ancestor that, if present day, would be classified amount the __ 2.)so the streptophytes include which groups 3.)the land plants(kingdom Plantae) (embryophytes) would include which groups |
1.)streptophyte algae 2.)green algae, bryophytes(nonvascular), seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms 3.)byrophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms
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1.)the vascular plants (tracheophytes) would include which groups 2.)the seed plants (spermatophytes) would include which groups 3.)name the gymnosperms 4.)gymnosperms reproduce using __and __ 5.)are gymnosperms seeded plants |
1.)seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms 2.)gymnosperms 3.)cycads, ginkos, conifers, gnetophytes 4.)spores, seeds 5.)yes |
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1.)seeds __and provide energy for young sporophyte 2.)__seeds mean seeds that are not enclosed by fruit 3.)how are angiosperms distinguished from others 4.)flowers are specialized to enhanced __production |
protect naked flowers, endosperm seed |
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1.)__develop from flowers and enclose the seed and foster seed dispersal 2.)__is a nutritive seed tissue with increased storage efficiency 3.)__years ago, the terrestrial surface was bare 4.)were there some cyanobacteria crust a billion years ago |
fruits endosperm 1 billon yes |
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1.)origin of land plants essential to the development of substantial __, evolution of modern __, and __colonizing land 2.)do living plant phyla reveal the order plants appear 3.)for molecular approaches, __sequences can be compared from diverse plants 4.)do arrangments of branches on phylogenetic trees change as new data comes available |
soil, plants, animals yes gene yes |
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1.)selection acts on expressed genes, so __change more slowly than encoding regions 2.)does analyst show pteridophytes to be monophyletic 3.)had horsetails and whisk ferns been classified separately based on structural features 4.)tough plant compounds help to preserve plant __ |
introns yes yes structures |
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1.)compared modern __ treated to degrade all but the most resistant plant materials (those likely to fossilize) and found similarities with particular fossils 2.)1st step to plants conquering land was aquatic __giving rise to the first land adapted plants 3.)the second step to plants conquering land was __plants transforming earths atmosphere and climated |
lycophytes charophycean algae seedless |
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1.)the third step to plants conquering land was ancient __marks the rise of angiosperms 2.)plants most likely evolved from an aquatic ancestor similar to modern complex __ 3.)__is distinctive features of plant cytokinesis, they promote the development of intercellular connections (plasmodesmata) 4.)__are connections that effectively communicate b/w cells |
cataclysm charophycean phragmoplast plasmodesmata |
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1.)did land plants use these traits (phragmoplast) to build increasingly more complex bodies better adapted to terrestrial stresses 2.)early plants acquired other features in response to life on land, not __ 3.)do all land plants possess several features not found in charophyceans |
yes water yes |
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1.)all land plants possess __carbohydrates (in the cell walls) that cross-link cellulose microfibrils 2.)also not common in charophyceans is the evolution of genes that control for cell-wall polysaccharide __ 3.)_ and __produce decay resistant body tissues 4.)seedless plants helped enrich __ |
xyloglucan cellulose liverworts, mosses soils |
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1.)seedless plants could have begun process of organic carbon burial that helps to reduce amount of ___in the atmosphere 2.)do seedless plants influence temperature and precipitation 3.)modern bryophytes also store __ 4.)under cooler than normal conditions, __moss grows more slowly and thus absorbs less CO2, allowing atmospheric CO2 to rise a bit |
greenhouse gas CO2 yes CO2 sphagnum |
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1.)since atmospheric CO2 helps to warm earths climate, increasing __warms the climate a little 2.)when the climate warms sufficiently, sphagnum grows ___, thereby sponging up more CO2 as peat deposits 3.)reducing atmospheric co2 returns the climate to slightly __conditions |
CO2 faster cooler |
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1.)vascular plants first appeared how many years ago 2.)____period (354-290 mya) plants converted huge amounts of atmospheric CO2 into decay-resistant organic material such as __ 3.)long term burial of decay resistant organic material lead to the production of __ 4.)carboniferous proliferation of vascular plants was correlated with a dramatic decrease in atmospheric __ |
420-430 mya carboniferous, lignin coal CO2 |
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1.)CO2 reached a historic low about __mya 2.)atmospheric oxygen levels rose to historich igh levels during this time, because less O2 was being used to break down __carbon into ___ 3.)carboniferous decline in CO2 level caused cool, dry conditions to prevail in the late __and early __period |
300 organic, cO2 carboniferous, Permian |
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1.)abrupt global climate change caused many of the giant __and __that had dominated carboniferous forest to go extinct 2.)cooler, drier Permian conditions favored extensive diversification of the first __plants, the gymnosperms 3.)seed plants were better able than non-seed plants to reproduce in ___habitats |
lycophytes, pteridophytes seed cooler, drier |
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1.)diverse gymnosperms dominated earths vegetation through the __era (248-65 mya), the age of dinosaurs 2.)about 65 mya, at least one large meteorite or comet crashed near the __in mexico 3.)__marked the end of the cretaceous and beginning of the tertiary 4.)did huge amounts of ash smoke and haze dimmed sunlight long enough to kill many plants |
Mesozoic Yucatan peninsula KT yes |
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1.)also during this time, surviving plants diversified into space left and new types of __also appeared 2.)embryos are absent from ___ 3.)the __is the first distinctive trait acquired by land plants 4.)__is a synonym for plants because it is a defining characteristic of plants |
animals charophyceans embryo embryophytes |
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1.)embryos are __and __ 2.)embryos are developed by repeated __from a single celled __ 3.)embryos depend on organic and mineral material supplied by mother plant, which is called __, it is when tissues foster movement of nutrients from mothers tissue to embryo |
multicellular and diploid mitosis, zygote placental-transfer tissues |
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1.)__are cells specialized to promote movement of solute from gametophyte to embryo 2.)placental transfer tissue have finger like cell wall ingrowths for increased __and they also contain dissolved __, amino acids, and mineral 3.)__effectively capture sunlight for photosynthesis |
placental transfer tissue surface area, sugars leaves |
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1.)lycophytes produce simplest, most ancient leaves called ___or __(a single, unbranched vein) 2.)other vascular plants have leaves with extensively branched veins which are called __or __ 3.)euphylls are __and provide considerable advantages, they evolved in a series of steps 4.)four whorls of a flower |
lycophylls, microphylla euphylls, megaphylls larger sepal, petals, stamen, carpal |
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1.)__are for protection 2.)___are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. 3.)__is the male part 4.)2 structures of the stamen 5.)__is the female part of the flower 6.)the carpal has an upper __, a middle __, and in the lower part is the ___
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sepal petals stamen filament, anther carpal stigma, style, ovules |
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1.)where does pollen land on the carpal 2.)__is the sporangium with single spores and a very small egg producing gametophyte inside 3.)the ovule is enclosed by __(modified leaves) 4.)do seed plants produce 2 distinct types of spores in 2 different types of sporangia 5.)__are in the microsporangia and it is the male gametophytes that produce __ |
stigma ovule integuments yes microspores, pollen |
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1.)__are in the megasporangia and it is the ___gametophyte that develops and produces __ 2.)the male gametophyte extends pollen tube carrying __sperm toward the egg 3.)1 sperm fertilizes egg to become a __ 4.)other sperm fuses with different gametophyte (central cell) tissue to form __, which is a part of double fertilization |
megaspores, female, eggs 2 embryo endosperm |
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1.)__allow embryos access to food supplied by older sporophyte generation 2.)seeds are able to remain __in the soil so it can wait for favorable conditions 3.)are seeds larger and more complex so it can have resistance to damage and attack 4.)are there adaptations for seeds to improve dispersal |
seeds dormant yes yes |
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1.)can seeds store considerable amounts of food 2.)another advantage of seeds is sperm can reach the egg without having to __ 3.)do angiosperms ovules store food materials prior to fertilization 4.)have seeded plants replaced spores with seeds |
yes swim no no |
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1.)most lycophytes and pteridophytes release one type of __and one type of __ 2.)other plants (vascular seed plants) produce __and __(heterospory) 3.)these protected gametophytes grow inside microspore and megaspore walls, which is called __gametophytes |
spore, gametophyte microspores, megaspores endosporic |
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1.)heterospory advantage is to increase ___ 2.)__is the precursor to seed plants, they have a lacy integument that does not completely enclose the megasporangium 3.)animals are multicellular __ 4.)do animals have cell walls and reproduce sexually 5.)cells exist in extensive extracellular __ and have unique cell junctions |
cross-fertilization runcaria heterotrophs yes matrix |
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1.)kingdom Animalia is a __group 2.)there are about __recognized animal phyla 3.)most likely ancestor of animals is a colonial flagellated protest similar to __ 4.)prior to __, not much animal diversity 5.)___mya (Cambrian explosion) there was huge diversity |
monophyletic 35 choanoflagellates Cambrian explosion 520 |
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1.)4 main morphological and developmental features; presence or absence of different __types, type of body __, presence or absence of a true body __, and patterns of __development 2.)which one is no longer a monophyletic classification 3.)in regards to tissue, __is all animals 4.)__is no specialized tissues or organs, give an example |
tissue, symmetry, cavity, embryonic body cavity metazoan parazoa, porifera(sponges) |
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1.)__is more than one type of tissue and organs 2.)eumetazoa are radially symmetrical (__) or bilaterally symmetrical (___) 3.)bilateral animals have cephalization and dorsal and ventral ends, __germ layers 4.)radial animals have oral and aboral sides, __germ layers 5.)in reference to number of cells, bilateria are __, 3 layers |
eumetazoa radiate, bilateria 3 2 triploblastic
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1.)radiatta are __, 2 layers 2.)cell layers develop during __ 3.)the inner layer is the __and the outer layer is the __ 4.)__is the third layer in bilateral animals and forms muscles and most other organs 5.)__=body cavity completes lines with mesoderm (coelomates) |
diploblastic gastrulation endoderm, ectoderm mesoderm true coelom |
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1.)___is when coelom is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm (pseudocoelomates) 2.)__=lack a body cavity entirely 3.)can fluid filled body cavity protect internal organs or be used as hydrostatic skeleton 4.)in regards to embryonic development, __is spiral cleavage, cleavage determinate, and the blastopore becomes the mouth |
pseudocoelom acoelomates yes protostome |
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1.)__is radial cleavage, the cleavage is indeterminate (pluripotent stem cells) and the blastopore becomes the anus, mouth is second 2.)are other methods of classification based on possession of exoskeleton, development of notochord, and presence or absence of segmentation 3.)presence/absence of segmentation is traced to changes in homeotic or __genes |
deuterostome yes hox |
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1.)is hox genes involved in pattern formation in early embryos 2.)relatively simple changes in the expression patterns of these genes (hox) can account for the large variation in__ appendage types 3.)hox genes designated __-__ 4.)molecular view of animal diversity now use new molecular techniques to classify animals by comparing similarities in the __and the __of animals |
yes arthropod 1, 13 DNA, r
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1.)the sequences talked about above of nucleotides in the gene that encodes RNA of the ___subunit, it changes very slowly overtime 2.)the clade __is monophyletic meaning all animals came from a single common ancestor 3.)at the earliest stages of evolution, molecular phylogeny supports the traditional view of the split b/w __and __ |
small ribosomal metazoa parazoa, eumetazoa |
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1.)do most of the animal phyla belong to radiatta or bilateria 2.)molecular phylogeny agrees that the echinoderms and chordates belong to a clade called the __ 3.)Aguinaldo and colleagues used ___rRNA to analyze the taxonomic relationships of arthropods and other taxa 4.)__contain arthropods and nematodes |
bilateria deuterostomia small ribosomal subunit ecdysozoa |
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1.)relationships among bilateria traditionally split into deuterostomia and protostomia based on __development 2.)deuterostomes still separate but protostomes are divided into __and __ 3.)__are named for ecdysis (molting), all secrete a nonliving cuticle and are strongly supported as a separate clade by molecular evidence such as similarities in DNA |
embryonic lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa Ecdysozoa |
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1.)__name stems from lophophore (feeding tentacles) and trochophore larva 2.)traditionally, bilaterally symmetrical animals are divided into those lacking coelom (___), those with a pseudocoelom (___), and those possessing a coelom (__) 3.)does molecular data suggest that the presence or absence of a coelom or pseudocoelom may not be useful way to classify animals |
lophotrochozoans acoelmates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates yes |
