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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the steps of cell fractionation? |
Tissue cells -> homogenization (blender) -> homogenate (cell stuff blendered) -> centrifugation The longer the homogenate is left spinning on the centrifuge, the more smaller organalles can be isolated. |
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Are the chemical composition of all cells the same? |
Yes 70% water and other stuff |
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What are macromolecules? |
They are polymers that are constructed from identical or similar building blocks called monomers. 80% of a cell is macromolecuels 20% is monomers and other small molecules |
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How are macromolecules made and disassembled? |
Made by dehydration of polymers/monomers and a monomer. Degraded by hydrolysis. |
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What are the four different types of macromolecules? |
polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acid, lipid |
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What is the function of lipids? |
They are hydrophobic (so insoluble in water) They are an energy storage, structural molecules (membrane), hormones. |
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How are fatty acids and glycerol linked? |
By dehydration. They are joined by an ester linkage. |
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What is the structure of phospholipids? |
Glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and one phosphate group. |
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What are some monosaccharides? |
glucose, fructose, ribose |
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What are some disaccharides |
sucrose, lactose |
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Glucose + glucose -> |
maltose |
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Glucose + fructose -> |
sucrose |
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How can excess glucose be stored as starch? |
Amylose (unbranched) OR amylopectin are both polymers made up of glucose Stored as granules in plastids (eg chloroplast) |
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How is glucose stored in humans? |
As glycogen, a polymer that has extensive branching and is made up of glucose monomers. Stored in liver and muscle cells |
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What is cellulose? |
A polysaccharide made up of many glucose monomers (unbranched) |
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How does glucose help in the structure of animals similarly to cellulose in plants? |
It forms chitin, which is a polymer of glucose, however each glucose monomer has a nitrogen containing appendage. pure chitin used by surgeons due to its strength and flexibility and it degrades later on. when mixed with calcium carbonate, it becomes very hard (used by cicadas) |
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what is the structure of amino acid? |
C, H, COOH, NH2, R (nonpolar, electrically charged, polar) |
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If side chains are negatively charged or positively charged in amino acids, is it basic or acidic? |
-ve = acidic +ve = basic |
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What is a feature of the polypeptide chain? |
It has a repetitive back bone. |
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What is the function of Nucleic acids? |
stores ATP intracellular signalling cAMP |
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What are phosphodiester bonds? |
The bonds between the phosphate group and carbon number 5 on the sugar. |
